Answer:
A measurement may be reported as 18.0 mL instead of 18 mL to indicate that it has been measured with greater precision.
The decimal point in 18.0 mL indicates that the measurement was taken to the tenths place, meaning that the actual measurement is between 17.5 mL and 18.4 mL. On the other hand, 18 mL implies that the measurement is between 17.5 mL and 18.9 mL.
Therefore, the use of the decimal point in this case is a way to indicate that the measurement has a higher degree of precision. It is used as a way to communicate that the measurement was taken with greater accuracy and that the number has been rounded to the nearest tenth.
A measurement may be reported as 18.0 mL instead of 18 mL to indicate that it is an exact or precise measurement, rather than an approximation. In scientific experiments or laboratory work, measurements are often reported with a certain number of significant figures, which reflect the precision of the measurement.
In this case, 18.0 mL has one decimal point and implies that the measurement was made to the nearest 0.1 mL, whereas 18 mL doesn't have a decimal point and implies that the measurement was made to the nearest mL.
Additionally, in some cases, the trailing zero after a decimal point is used to indicate the accuracy of the measurement and to make it clear that it is not a rounded number.
write 5 well constructed sentences about a 3D atom model. Be sure to include what the different materials repesent. PLEASE HELP ME leave a picture of a 3D atom model
A popular science project and craft used to better understand how particular atoms function is the creation of 3D atom models. When teaching about atoms, a 3D atom model can be used to demonstrate concepts in a classroom or to provide explanations.
What is the 3D concept about?The 3D concept of the atom and how the protons and neutrons in the nucleus relate geometrically and in terms of size to the electrons spaced at relatively great distances from the nucleus can be introduced to students from elementary school through high school through an atom model project.
It should be noted that in order to make the 3D concept for the model, attach eight small craft balls to the medium circle, eight to the large circle, eight to the extra-large circle, and finally two to the small circle with glue. These will resemble each and every atom's electron. To help the model hang, attach a piece of string to the outer circle.
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Use the amounts of each product and reactant
listed below to balance the equations for the
breakdown of sulphuric acid and sodium nitrate.
H₂SO4 + NaNO2 → HNO2 + Na2SO4
H₂SO4 = 588g NaNO₂ = 828g HNO₂ = 564g
Na₂SO4 = 384g
Answer:
H2SO4 + 2NaNO2 → HNO2 + Na2SO4
The balanced equation for the breakdown of sulfuric acid and sodium nitrate is:
H2SO4 + 2NaNO2 -> HNO2 + Na2SO4
This equation shows that for every one molecule of sulfuric acid (H2SO4), two molecules of sodium nitrate (NaNO2) are required to produce one molecule of nitrous acid (HNO2) and one molecule of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4).
In terms of mass, the equation shows that for every 588 grams of sulfuric acid, 828 grams of sodium nitrate are required to produce 564 grams of nitrous acid and 384 grams of sodium sulfate.
How many cyanide atoms are in gallium cyanide
How many cyanide atoms are in gallium cyanide?
51 CGaN
A helium balloon has a volume of 735 ml at ground level. The balloon is transported to an elevation of 5 km, where the pressure is 0. 8 atm. At this altitude, the gas occupies a volume of 1286 ml. Assuming that the temperature is constant, what was the ground level pressure?.
The ground pressure on that condition will be 1.4 Atm. The condition of that space is isotherms, to solve it we use Boyle's law in isotherms condition.
How to find the ground level pressure?To solve this problem we are using Boyle's law. As Boyle's law state that " a gas's pressure and volume are inversely proportional" which is formulated as P1 x V1 = P2 x V2. As per data given: early volume(V1) = 735 mL; pressure(P2) = 0.8 atm; and volume(V2) = 1286 mL. The calculation will be:
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
P1 x 735 = 0.8 x 1286
P x 735 = 1028.8
P = 1.4 Atm
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A student looked up the naturally occurring isotopes of bromine and found the following information:
50.54% of the naturally occurring isotopes of bromine have an atomic mass of 78.92 u, while 49.46% of the naturally occurring isotopes of bromine have an atomic mass of 80.92 u.
Calculate the average atomic mass of bromine, showing all work:
The average atomic mass of bromine is derived from the isotopic masses and percentage abundance. The average atomic mass of bromine is 80.31 amu.
What are isotopes?Isotopes are atoms of same element with different atomic mass numbers. Almost all elements have two or more isotopes but not all of them are stable in nature.
The average atomic mass can be calculated from the isotopic mass and and percentage abundance as follows:
atomic mass = ∑ (isotopic mass × %abundance /100 )
Apply the isotopic mass and abundance of all isotopes given as follows:
atomic mass of bromine = (50.54/100 × 78.92 amu) + (49.96/100 × 80.92 amu) =80.31 amu.
Therefore, the atomic mass of bromine is 80.31 amu.
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Convert to grams
0.989 moles of phosphorus
1.21 moles of carbon dioxide
The conversion of the following moles to grams is as follows:
30.659g of phosphorus53.24g of carbondioxideHow to convert moles to mass?The number of moles of a substance can be converted to mass using the following formula:
moles = mass ÷ molar mass
According to this question, 0.989 moles of phosphorus and 1.21 moles of carbon dioxide is given. The mass can be calculated as follows:
Molar mass of P = 31g/molMolar mass or carbondioxide = 44g/molmass of phosphorus = 31 × 0.989 = 30.659g
mass of carbondioxide = 44 × 1.21 = 53.24g
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In an ionic bond, how do you tell the number of electrons transferred from atom to atom. Would it be two ions formed in the reaction or no?
Example, Lithium + Chlorine
Answer:
Explanation:
In an ionic bond, atoms transfer electrons in order to achieve a stable electron configuration, also known as a full valence shell. The number of electrons transferred from one atom to another can be determined by the difference in their electron configurations.
In the example of lithium and chlorine forming an ionic bond, lithium (Li) has one valence electron and chlorine (Cl) has seven valence electrons. In order for both atoms to achieve a stable electron configuration, Li would transfer its one valence electron to Cl. This results in the formation of two ions: Li+ and Cl-.
It is important to note that for a reaction to be ionic, it must involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. In the case of Lithium and Chlorine it is ionic because electrons are transferred from Li to Cl.
Please help Chemistry
9 mol P4010 reacts with 51 mol
H2O according to the equation below:
P4010+6H2O
→
4H3PO4
How many moles of H3PO4 form
from 51 mol H2O?
[ ? ] mol H3PO4
Round your answer to the ones place.
If 51 moles of water reacts in the above chemical reaction, then 34 moles of phosphoric acid will be produced.
How to calculate number of moles?Stoichiometry refers to the study and calculation of quantitative (measurable) relationships of the reactants and products in chemical reactions (chemical equations).
According to this question, phosphorus oxide reacts with water to produce phosphoric acid as follows:
P₄0₁₀ + 6H₂O → 4H₃PO₄
Based on the above equation, 6 moles of water produced 4 moles of phosphoric acid.
This means that 51 moles of water will produce 51 × 4/6 = 34 moles of phosphoric acid.
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When 500. 0 g of water is decomposed by electrolysis and the yield of hydrogen is only 75. 3%, how much hydrogen chloride can be made if the yield of hydrogen chloride in the second reaction is 69. 8%? oxygen and chlorine are in excess.
If 500.0 g of water is decomposed by electrolysis and the yield of hydrogen is only 75.3%. The amount of hydrogen chloride that can be made if the yield of hydrogen chloride in the second reaction is 69.8% is 1,063g.
First we should calculate the moles of water, hydrogen:
nH₂O=mass H₂O/MassMolar H₂O
nH₂O=500.0g/18.0g/mol
nH₂O=27.76mol
moles of hydrogen gas:
nH₂=nH₂×1
nH₂=27.76mol×1
nH₂=27.76mol
Theoretical yield of hydrogen gas woulld be:
nH₂=mH₂/MMH₂
27.76 mol=m₂/2.016g/mol
m₂=27.76mol×2.016g/mol
m₂=55.96g
then we can calculate the actual yield of hydrogen gas:
Percent yield=Actual yield/Theoretical yield×100%
75.3%=Actual yield55.96g×100%
0.753=Actual yield55.96g
Actual yield=0.753×55.96g
Actual yield=42.1g
Number of moles of actual yield:
nH₂=mH₂/MMH₂
nH₂=42.1g/2.016 g/mol
nH₂=20.9mol
Number of moles of hydrogen chloride:
nHCl=nH₂×2
nHCl=20.9mol×2
nHCl=41.8mol
Theoretical yield of hydrogen chloride:
nHCl=mHCl/MMHCl
41.8mol=mHCl/36.46g/mol
mHCl=41.8mol×36.46g/mol
mHCl=1,524g
Actual yield of hydrogen chloride:
Percent yield=Actual yield/Theoretical yield×100%
69.8%=Actual yield/1,524 g×100%
0.698=Actual yield/1,524g
Actual yield=0.698×1,524g
Actual yield=1,063g
Therefore the hydrogen chloride that can be made is 1,063g.
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Under what conditions in the ideal gas assumption suitable for real gases How do you relate between R and Ru?
The ideal gas assumption is suitable for real gases when the temperature is high and the pressure is low.
The ideal gas law relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas to the number of molecules present in a given volume. The constant R is the ideal gas constant and Ru is the universal gas constant.
These two constants are related by the equation Ru = R/M, where M is the molar mass of the gas. So, R is the gas constant for a particular gas, while Ru is the gas constant for all gases.
The ideal gas law is valid when the temperature is high, the pressure is low, and the volume of the gas is large compared to the volume of the molecules.
In these conditions, the ideal gas model is suitable for real gases because the molecules don’t interact significantly with each other and the volume of the gas is much larger than the volume of the molecules. Hence, the ideal gas law accurately models the behavior of the real gas.
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What changes must a SOLID undergo to become a LIQUID
Answer:
Melting; increase (more heat) in temperature.
What do you call the variable exerted by gas molecules in a specific area?
The variable exerted by gas molecules in a specific area is called pressure.
THE PRESSUREPressure is a measure of the force exerted by gas molecules on the walls of the container they are in. It is typically measured in units of Pascals (Pa) or pounds per square inch (psi). The pressure of a gas is determined by the number of molecules present in a given volume, as well as the velocity of those molecules.
At higher temperatures, gas molecules move faster and therefore exert a greater force on the walls of the container, resulting in higher pressure. At lower temperatures, gas molecules move more slowly and exert a lesser force, resulting in lower pressure. Additionally, increasing the number of molecules in a given volume will also increase the pressure.
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Suppose, in the near future, the problems with creating energy through nuclear fusion reactions are overcome. What
are some of the advantages of using a fusion reactor to produce electricity?
Answer:
Nuclear Fusion reactions power the Sun and other stars. In a fusion reaction, two light nuclei merge to form a single heavier nucleus.
Explanation:
Please help me with this
8) Percent yield = (0.48 g / 36 g) x 100% = 1.33%
9) Percent yield = (248 g / 176 g) x 100% = 141%
10) Percent yield = (45 g / 120 g) x 100% = 37.5%
What is a chemical reaction's yield in percentage terms?The same units must be used for both the theoretical and actual yields (moles or grams). A chemical reaction produces 0.5 g of product. The calculated yield is 1.6 g at its highest. What is the reaction's yield in terms of percent? Actual yield minus theoretical yield equals 100% in percentage yield. The reaction's percentage yield is 31.25% as a result.
8) Known: 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(1)
Unknown: percent yield
Steps:
Calculate the theoretical yield of water by using the balanced equation.
Compare the theoretical yield to the actual yield of water obtained from the experiment.
Use the formula: (Actual yield / Theoretical yield) x 100% = percent yield
Solution:
Theoretical yield of water = (2 moles H2 x 18 g/mol H2O) = 36 g
Actual yield of water = 0.48 g
Percent yield = (0.48 g / 36 g) x 100% = 1.33%
9) Known: 2 C2H6(g) + 7 O2(g) → 6 H2O(l) + 4 CO2(g)
Unknown: percent yield
Steps:
Calculate the theoretical yield of CO2 by using the balanced equation.
Compare the theoretical yield to the actual yield of CO2 obtained from the experiment.
Use the formula: (Actual yield / Theoretical yield) x 100% = percent yield
Solution:
Theoretical yield of CO2 = (2 moles C2H6 x (4 moles CO2 / 2 moles C2H6)) = 4 moles CO2
Theoretical yield of CO2 = 4 moles CO2 x (44 g/mol CO2) = 176 g
Actual yield of CO2 = 248 g
Percent yield = (248 g / 176 g) x 100% = 141%
10) Known: 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(1)
Unknown: percent yield
Steps:
Calculate the theoretical yield of NO by using the balanced equation.
Compare the theoretical yield to the actual yield of NO obtained from the experiment.
Use the formula: (Actual yield / Theoretical yield) x 100% = percent yield
Solution:
Theoretical yield of NO = (4 moles NH3 x (4 moles NO / 4 moles NH3)) = 4 moles NO
Theoretical yield of NO = 4 moles NO x (30 g/mol NO) = 120 g
Actual yield of NO = 45 g
Percent yield = (45 g / 120 g) x 100% = 37.5%
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What is the the number of 6p electrons in Po?
The number of 6p electrons in PO i.e. Polonium is four as the outer electronic configuration of Po is 6s^2 6p^4.
Po or Polonium in the periodic table belongs to the period 6 and group 16. As Po belongs to the period six thus we can take n=6. Also as the group of Po is 16 thus the element belongs to the p-block of the modern periodic table. By applying the orbital notation method we can find the formula as ns2np4. Putting the formula into the given element we can find the outer electronic configuration as 6s^2 6p^4 where p=4
We can understand that in the periodic table given by Mendeleev electronic configuration method is applied where it helps in understanding how in any atomic orbital electrons are distributed. The same is applied in the case of Polonium which helps in understanding that it has two 6s electrons and four 6p electrons.
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Draw The Lewis Structure Of COF2. Include Lone Pairs.
The Lewis Structure Of COF2 is C: O=F-F: .The Lewis structure of COF2 consists of one carbon atom, two oxygen atoms, and two fluorine atoms. The carbon atom is the central atom and is bonded to the two oxygen atoms.
In turn, each oxygen atom is bonded to one of the fluorine atoms. The Lewis structure indicates that each of the four atoms involved in the molecule has an octet of electrons. The carbon atom has 4 valence electrons and each oxygen atom has 6 valence electrons. Thus, the carbon atom and each oxygen atom will form two covalent bonds with the fluorine atoms.
The two covalent bonds that the carbon atom forms with the oxygen atoms are single bonds, while the two covalent bonds that the oxygen atoms form with the fluorine atoms are double bonds. The structure also includes two lone pairs on the oxygen atoms. Lone pairs are unshared electrons that are held by atoms in a molecule. In the case of COF2, both oxygen atoms have two lone pairs of electrons. These lone pairs are not involved in any bonding and help to stabilize the molecule.
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Potassium nitrate reacts with carbonic acid to produce potassium carbonate and nitric acid. A chemist adds 15.15g of potassium nitrate to 0.228 mol of carbonic acid, and gets 8.45g potassium carbonate.
a. Write a balanced chemical equation, including all the states of matter.
b. Determine the limiting reactant and the amount of potassium carbonate (in
grams) produced.
c. What is the theoretical yield of potassium carbonate?
d. Determine the percent yield of potassium carbonate in this reaction.
K2CO3 + 2HNO3 = 2KNO3 + H2CO3. The necessary quantity of n (KNO3) is equal to 2 x n (H2CO3), or 2 x 0.228, or 0.456 mol. This exceeds the amount that is accessible (0.15 mol). KNO3 is the least reactive as a result.
What does the word reactive mean?
reacting to circumstances or events rather than taking proactive measures to influence or prevent them: Unfortunately, rather than taking a proactive approach to the issue of auto theft, the police have taken a reactive one. They only seem to be capable of responding adversely to proposals made by other individuals.
Which of the following describes a reactive chemical?
Explosives, peroxides, water-reactive substances, and pyrophorics are a few examples of extremely reactive chemicals.
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Which of the following statements about groundwater are TRUE? Select ALL that apply. (Hint: 4 of the 6 statements are correct!) The water table generally maintains a relatively flat shape beneath the ground surface. Owing to pressure differences, it is possible for groundwater to flow uphill. The water table will be deeper below the surface in arid regions as compared to humid regions. A confined aquifer is an underground source of water that is prevented from reaching Earth's surface by an impermeable layer. The surface of the water table may be visible above ground as the surface of a river or lake. If an aquifer has a high porosity, then it will also have a high permeability
When opposed to humid areas, ground water will be deeper in arid areas. underground water source termed an confined aquifer is one in which an impermeable layer blocks the water's path to the surface the planet.
What places can one find constrained aquifers?An aquifer that has restricting beds enclosing it on both the top and bottom is said to be confined. At substantial depths below the surface of the ground, confined aquifers typically exist.
What source of water do restricted aquifers use?Aquifers that are enclosed and filled with water are those that are found beneath the surface of the land. The aquifer is under pressure because of the impermeable layers that are both before and below it. As a result, when a well drills into the aquifer, water will rise over the top of the impermeable layers.
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Draw the structure of cyclohexane.
Explanation:
Cyclohexane ends with an -ane, which means that we have an alkane. An alkane consists of carbons and hydrogens with only single bonds. Hex means six, so there are six carbons. Cyclo means we have a ring, which is the six carbons each with two hydrogens, all single bonds.
Each carbon atom can form bonds with two hydrogens because carbon can form four bonds, which are from the two carbons and two hydrogens.
A chemical reaction is run in which 796 Joules of heat are generated and 235 Joules of work are done on the system. Calculate the change in the internal energy of the chemical system. Joules
The internal energy change of the reaction is -561J, and w for the species is +235J according to the provided statement.
What does the term "reaction" in chemistry mean?In a chemical reaction, one or more substances—also known as reactants—are changed into one or more additional compounds are known as products. Chemical elements or chemical compounds make up substances.
Using the basic principle of thermodynamics,
ΔE = q + w
Q is -ve when heat is produced.
Thus,
q = - 495 J
ΔE = -31J
These variables are substituted in the equation above to yield,
- 31 J = - 495 J + w
or, w = +464 J
Using the basic principle of thermodynamics,
ΔE = q + w
Q is -ve when heat is produced.
Thus,
q = -796 J
The system has been worked on, thus w is positive.
Thus,
w = +235 J
These variables are substituted in the equation above to yield,
ΔE = + 235 J - 796 J
ΔE = -561 J
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The complete question is-
A chemical reaction is run in which 495 Joules of heat are generated and the internal energy changes by -31 Joules.
Calculate 'w' for the system in (Joules)
A chemical reaction is run in which 796 Joules of heat are generated and 235 Joules of work are done on the system.
Calculate the change in the internal energy of the chemical system.
ΔE in Joules
Three 75.0g samples of copper, silver, and gold are available. Each of these samples is initially at 24.0°C, and then 2.00kJ of heat is applied to each sample. Which sample will end up at the highest temperature?
The temperature of the copper sample will be the highest.
What uses does copper have?
Due to its ductility and excellent conductivity, copper is mostly used in electrical generators, home and auto wiring, as well as the wires in electronics like radios, TVs, computers, lighting, and motors.
A metal or a nonmetal, is copper?
Just on Periodic Table of Elements, copper is the 29th element. It is regarded as a moderately, nonferrous, malleable metals with countless uses in the fields of electrical and electronics, plumbing, construction projects & architecture, business, transportation, & consumer and health items.
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Which choice identifies the correct limiting reactant and correct reasoning? 2Mg + O2 2MgO 2.40 g Mg produces 3.98 g MgO. 10.0 g O2 produces 25.2 g MgO.
The limiting reactant in the question that we have here is magnesium since it has lower yeild. Option D
What is the limiting reactant?If we are looking at the reactant, we are going to be looking at the reactant that is in the system that is going to lead us to obtain about the lowest amount of the products that is in the system.
Now we have in the case of the question that we have been asked that the kind of the reactant that would give the lowest amount of the product from the information in the question is magnesium.
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5. A difference in air pressure creates what?
Wind results from a horizontal difference in air pressure and since the sun heats different parts of the Earth differently, causing pressure differences, the Sun is the driving force for most winds. 1.
What is meant by pressure?
The force delivered perpendicularly to an object's surface per unit area across which that force is dispersed is known as pressure (symbol: p or P).The pressure relative to the surrounding air is referred to as gauge pressure (sometimes spelled gauge pressure).Pressure is expressed using a variety of units. Some of these come from dividing a unit of force by a unit of area; the traditional unit of pressure in the imperial and U.S. customary systems is the pound-force per square inch (psi, symbol lbf/in2), whereas the SI unit of pressure, the pascal (Pa), is one newton per square metre (N/m2).To learn more about pressure refer to
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percent composition by mass of potassium in potassium carbonate
Answer:
56.58 percent
Draw the product(s) of the following reactions.
CH3CH2CH2-CEC-CH2CH2CH3 (1. BHz / THE)/ (2. H2O2 / aqueous NaOH)
• You do not have to consider stereochemistry.
• Separate multiple products using the + sign from the drop-down menu.
• You do not have to explicitly draw H atoms.
• If no reaction occurs, draw the organic starting material.
1. Reaction of BH3 in basic condition with alkyne is the water addition to the triple bond and forming unstable enol form which in turn tautomerize to the ketone or aldehyde for terminal triple bond. Addition of water to the triple bond follows anti-Mark's rule.
In our reaction, 4-octyne under go water addition and forms a single product, 4-octanone (P1) because it is a symmetrical alkyne. Refer the below image for reaction. 2. Reaction of H2 in Lindlar catalyst with alkyne is the H addition to the triple bond. The only product is Z alkene. In our reaction, (S)-pent-3-yn-2-ol under go reduction reaction with H2 in Lindlar catalyst and forms the Z - isomer (P2), (S,Z)-pent-3-en-2-ol. Refer the below image for reaction.
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Which numerical setup can be used to calculate the heat energy required to completely melt 100. Grams of h2o(s) at 0oc?.
33.4 kilojoules of heat are necessary to melt 100 grams of ice therefore, option A is the right choice.
The heat that is required to break the intermolecular connections in a substance as it is transformed from one phase to another is referred to as the latent heat of that substance. The temperature does not rise due to the presence of latent heat.
Throughout the process of phase changeover, the temperature of the substance does not change. The amount of heat that must be applied in order to turn 1 g of solid ice into liquid is referred to as the latent heat of the fusion of ice.
Mass of ice = 100g
Latent heat of fusion of ice = 334 Joules/g
H = mL
H = 100g × 334 J/g
H = 33400 J or 33.4 KJ
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draw the line structure for ch3coh ch2ch3 2
Bond-line structures are presentations of molecules, where lines are drawn to represent the bonds between carbon atoms or between carbon atoms and heteroatoms (atoms other than C or H). Hydrogen atoms are not represented. Heteroatoms are identified by a symbol but carbon atoms are not. Carbon atoms are situated at the intersection of two lines.
A single bond is defined by one parallel line and a double bond by two parallel lines, and a triple bond by three parallel lines.
In the line-bonds formula, the organic structures of the compound are represented in such a way that covalent bonds are represented by a line and frame the structure by zig-zag straight lines which releases all the hydrogen atom.
In the attached picture there is the bond-line structure of the requested organic compound.
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Analysis of a 10. 150 g sample of a compound known to contain only phosphorus and oxygen indicates a phosphorus content 0f 4. 433 g. What is the empirical formula of this compound?.
The empirical formula of the 10.150 g sample compound which is known to only contain phosphorus and oxygen shows that the phosphorus content 0f 4.433 g is P₂O₅.
An empirical formula is a compound's chemical formula that only specifies the ratios of the elements it contains and not the precise number or arrangement of atoms.
An unidentified substance weighs 10.15 g.
Phosphorus weighs 4.433 g in total.
Hence, 10.15 - 4.433 = 5.717
The oxygen mass will be 5.717g.
Determine the moles.
Number of moles of oxygen = mass / molar mass
= 5.717 / 16
= 0.357
Number of moles of phosphorus = mass / molar mass
= 4.433 / 31
= 0.143
Divide the moles by the minimum number of mole:
⇒ 0.357 / 0.143
= 2.496
⇒ 0.143 / 0.143
= 1
Divide the moles by two:
⇒ 2.496 x 2 = 5
=1 x 2 = 2
So, the empirical formula is P₂O₅.
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one bonding pairs Complete and correctly sequence the steps for drawing Lewis structures. Drag the text blocks below into their correct order. surrounding Place the atoms relative to each other. Place the atom with lower group number in the center because it has the higher electronegativity. If atoms add have the same group number, place the atom with the higher period number in the center higher Determine the total number of valence electrons available. For multiple polyatomic ions, add one electron for each negative charge, or subtract one electron for each positive charge. octet Distribute the remaining electrons as pairs so that each atom ends up with eight electrons (or single two for H). First place tone pairs on surrounding more electronegative) atoms to give each an ostet. If any electrons remain, place them on the central atom. Then check that each atom has eight eight electrons four two singles lone valence subtract of the central atom still does not have an octet, make a multiple bond by changing a lone pair from one of the surrounding atoms into a bonding pair to the central atom. six more less central Draw a single bond from each surrounding atom to the central atom, and add two valence electrons for each bond. lower core
1) Place the atoms in relation to one another. Because it has the lowest electronegativity, the atom with the lowest group number should be placed in the centre. If two atoms have the same group number, the atom with the lowest period number should be placed in the middle.
2) Determine the total number of accessible valence electrons. Add one electron for each negative charge or remove one electron for each positive charge in the case of polyatomic ions.
3) Distribute the remaining votes in pairs so that each atom has eight electrons (or two for H). To begin, arrange lone pars on surrounding (more electronegative) atoms to form an octet. Place any remaining electrons on the centre atom. After that, double-check that each atom contains eight electrons.
4) If the centre atom still lacks an octet. Change a lone pair from one of the surrounding atoms into a bonding pair to the centre atom to form a multiple bond.
5) Draw a single link from each surrounding atom to the core atom, and for each bond, add two valence electrons.
Lewis structures are diagrams that illustrate the bonding between atoms in a molecule as well as any lone pairs of electrons that may exist. They are also known as Lewis dot formulae, Lewis dot structures, electron dot structures, or Lewis electron dot structures (LEDS). A Lewis structure can represent any covalently attached molecule as well as coordination compounds. The Lewis structure was named after Gilbert N. Lewis, who proposed it in his 1916 work The Atom and the Molecule. Lewis structures extend the notion of the electron dot diagram by adding lines between atoms to represent shared pairs in a chemical bond.
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aspirin is a weak acid with a pka of 3.5. at equilibrium, wwhat is the ratio of aspirin concentration in blood (ph
The H+ ions separate from the aspirin at pH higher than pKa and then become deprotanated-ve charge.
What is the ratio of aspirin concentration in blood?In the protonated form, aspirin is more easily absorbed as it is neutral at pH 1.5 and can easily pass through the lipid bilayer. The absorption in the stomach is very big.Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce pain, fever, and/or inflammation, and as an antithrombotic. Specific inflammatory conditions which aspirin is used to treat include Kawasaki disease, pericarditis, and rheumatic fever.Aspirin is also used long-term to help prevent further heart attacks, ischaemic strokes, and blood clots in people at high risk.For pain or fever, effects typically begin within 30 minutes. Aspirin works similarly to other NSAIDs but also suppresses the normal functioning of platelets.One common adverse effect is an upset stomach.More significant side effects include stomach ulcers, stomach bleeding, and worsening asthma.Bleeding risk is greater among those who are older, drink alcohol, take other NSAIDs, or are on other blood thinners. Aspirin is not recommended in the last part of pregnancy.[tex]pH=pK\alpha +[/tex]㏒[tex]\frac{A-}{HA}[/tex]
㏒[tex]\frac{A-}{HA} =pH-pK\alpha[/tex]
㏒[tex][\frac{A-}{HA} ][/tex]=1.5-3.5
[tex][\frac{A-}{HA} ]=10^{-2}[/tex]
[tex][\frac{A-}{HA}]=\frac{1}{100}[/tex]
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The acid in aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, is very weak. Because of this, it must be more in unnionized form in the stomach's acidic pH. It must be more ionized for the intestine's alkaline pH.
Would you anticipate that an aspirin structure with a pKa lower 3.5 would be more easily absorbed in the stomach or small intestine?For the same pH range, the small intestine absorbs more nutrients than the stomach. The intestinal absorption of aspirin is greater than the stomach absorption of the drug at pH 3.5 or 6.5.
What in chemistry is a pKa?The base-10 negative logarithm pKa serves as the acid dissociation constant (Ka) of a solution. One way to gauge an acid's potency is by looking at its pKa value. A stronger acid is indicated by a lower pKa value. A lower value, for instance, signifies that the acid dissociates completely in water.
Ratio of aspirin in blood:[tex]pH = pKa + log\frac{A-}{HA}[/tex]
[tex]log\frac{A-}{HA} = pH - pKa[/tex]
[tex]log\frac{A-}{HA} = 1.5 - 3.5[/tex]
[tex][\frac{A-}{HA}] = 10^{-2}[/tex]
[tex][\frac{A-}{HA}] = \frac{1}{100}[/tex]
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