A 5'6", 210 pound, 64 year old man had a physical exam prior to his retirement for corporate work. His blood pressure was greater than 180/115 mmHg on three separate days (normal blood pressure is 120/80). Further examination showed normal to low plasma renin activity, elevated systemic vascular resistance (SVR), x-ray showed left ventricular hypertrophy and retinal hemorrhage and cardiac output was 7.2 L/min (normal is 3.5 to 5.5 L/min). Recommended therapy was weight reduction to his ideal weight, low salt diet. If these life style changes did not change his condition the following medication will be started in the following order: oral diuretics progress to beta blockers and then to a vasodilator.

Required:
a. What is the diagnosis for this individual?
b. Why is it suggested that the patient go on a low sodium diet?
c. Explain the site and mechanism of action of each of these prescribed medications.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

a.

The individual should be diagnosed for hypertension or high blood pressure.

b.

It is recommended that the patient should take low sodium diet because when sodium or salt enters the blood stream it increases the amount of water or fluids in the blood stream that leads to rise in blood pressure. The blood pressure increases if we take high salt diet due to which arterioles constrict.

c.

Diuretics- Diuretics are the first recommended therapy in treating hypertension. Diuretics such as thizides , pottasium sparing agents. Thiazide acts on distal convoluted tubule that inhibits Na+ and Cl - symporter. Diutetic removes water from body as urine and loss of salt.

Beta blockers - These are antagonists. They block the beta receptors found on the target cell membrane. Beta blockers slows down blood pressure. Atenolol is the beta blocker used for hypertension.

Alpha1 blocker - alpha 1 receptors helps in smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction. Vasodilator increases blood flow in the body that are devoid of oxygen that helps to reduce blood pressure.

angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor - blocks angiotensin converting enzyme that prevents converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II and increases bradykinin levels in the body. These inhibitors helps in lowering blood pressure.


Related Questions

4. The inner membrane of the mitochondria is impermeable to ions. How does this fit with what
you've learned about membrane structure? Why is this important to cellular respiration?

Answers

Answer:

The inner mitochondrial membrane contains proteins involved in the electron transport chain. This chain releases energy that is then used to generate an electrochemical gradient, which is subsequently used to synthesize ATP

Explanation:

Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles that have an inner membrane separated from an outer membrane by the intermembrane space. Moreover, the mitochondrial matrix is located within the inner membrane. The inner mitochondrial membrane contains proteins involved in the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain) is the third stage of cellular respiration in aerobic organisms in which ATP is generated by transferring electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 by a series of electron carriers located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The trans-membrane complexes of electron carriers are multiprotein enzyme complexes (I–V) and electron carriers (i.e., coenzyme Q10 and cytochrome c) required for the communication between complexes. The electron transport chain is coupled to proton transfer from the matrix out to the intermembrane space, thereby generating a proton gradient which is then used by ATP synthases to synthesize ATP​.

Watershed drains waters into a stream and tributaries. Which is its main function?


A. Production of continuous water supply that maintains life forms

B. Prevents growth of new plant species

C. Contributes to soil formation

D. Creates new minerals ​

Answers

Answer:

B. Prevents growth of new plant species.

Answer:

B. Prevents growth of new plant species

Over the past few hundred years, the human population on Earth has

Answers

Answer:

7.9 billion

in June 2021 to the United nations Estimated elaborted by worldmeter.

What is meant by Vetebral Column?​

Answers

The vertebral column is a series of approximately 33 bones called vertebrae which are separated by intervertebral disc

What is the answer for this

Answers

Answer:

Carbon moves from living things to the atmosphere. Each time you exhale, you are releasing carbon dioxide gas (CO2) into the atmosphere. Animals and plants need to get rid of carbon dioxide gas through a process called respiration. Carbon moves from fossil fuels to the atmosphere when fuels are burned.

Was there any significant difference in appearance between the two bean plants? if so, what was the difference?​

Answers

Explanation:

the plant in the sunlight will receive green color due to chlorophyll and the plant in the dark will have yellow or white color due to the lack of chlorophyll

What is the role of RNA?

Answers

Answer:

It is the 1st one ○ to provide the original blueprint for protein production

Explanation:

RNA polymerase (green) synthesizes RNA by following a strand of DNA. RNA polymerase is an enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence, duyring the process of transcription.

What mechanism prevents or slows some chemicals from entering the brain, while allowing others to enter?

Answers

Answer:

The blood brain barrier blocks chemicals from entering brain tissue.

Explanation:

How does replanting trees increase the sustainability of forestland?
A. Replanting reduces the consumption of wood.
B. Replanting reduces the demand for wood.
C. Replanting increases the cost of wood.
D. Replanting increases the supply of wood.

Answers

The answer should be D sorry if I’m wrong but I’m pretty sure I did this a while ago and it WAS correct

An organism that creates its own food is called:
A) a producer
B)a consumer
C)a carnivore
D) a decomposer

Answers

Answer:

a

Explanation:

Answer:

An autotroph is an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals. Because autotrophs produce their own food, they are sometimes called producers.Organisms are characterized into two broad categories based upon how they obtain their energy and nutrients: autotrophs and heterotrophs. Autotrophs are known as producers because they are able to make their own food from raw materials and energy. Examples include plants, algae, and some types of bacteria.

______ function mainly in cellular movement
O Microtubules
O Microfilaments
O intermediate filaments​

Answers

Answer: Microtubules function mainly in cellular movement.

Microtubules are responsible for a variety of cell movements, including the intracellular transport and positioning of membrane vesicles and organelles, the separation of chromosomes at mitosis, and the beating of cilia and flagella.

Microtubules are filamentous intracellular structures that are responsible for various kinds of movements in all eukaryotic cells. Microtubules are involved in nucleic and cell division, organization of intracellular structure, and intracellular transport, as well as ciliary and flagellar motility.

High blood pressure may lead to strokes and heart attacks and is a risk factor that may be changed by taking medication?

Answers

Answer:

Yes

Explanation:

High blood pressure can be redused, but can't stop permanently.

yes it can be… wjdhsjdjsjsjjwjssjnxns

When comparing energy and chemicals in an ecosystem?

Answers

Answer:

Chemical nutrients and energy tend to flow in the same direction for most of an ecosystem. The big difference is that the chemical nutrients are ultimately recycled in the ecosystem while the energy is ultimately lost from the ecosystem to the universe at large. Energy in any ecosystem ultimately comes from the Sun.

Which effect would you expect a Species Survival Plan to have on the crested
toad population in Puerto Rico?
A. Scientists reintroducing crested toads into the wild
B. Most of the crested toads dying out
C. Invasive species outcompeting crested toads in the wild
D. Most of the crested toad habitat being destroyed
SUBMIT

Answers

The correct answer is A. Scientists reintroducing crested toads into the wild.

Explanation

Species Survival Plan is a conservation program promoted by conservationists and zoologists that specializes in those animals that are near extinct, endangered, or threatened. This program mainly aims to breed these species in captivity to ensure their future preservation and reintroduction to nature. According to the above, the effect that could be expected from the implementation of the Species Survival Plan in Puerto Rico with the crested toads would be the reintroduction of this species into the wild after being bred in captivity.

Gina is lactose intolerant but she loves to eat cheesy fries from her local restaurant. What do you suggest Gina does differently so she gets the same nutrients but does not suffer with the bloating and pain she feels after eating cheesy fries?

a. Eat a smaller portion of fries and order a cup of vegetable soup.
b. Add jalapeño peppers to the fries since the spice will counteract the effects of the dish.
c. Order macaroni and cheese instead.
d. Ask for a low-fat cheese option

Answers

Answer:

A

Explanation:

Its the most logical one

. Why is Gandhi giving advice or comfort to Dr. King in this cartoon?

Answers

Because Gandhi a wise man and man full of respect and knowledge

Answer:

Explanation:

Gandhi who was assassinated about 20 years before King, is telling King all that happens when they kill your body is that what you have stood for and what you have left behind for your followers lives long after your death. Not to worry is the message: all will come out well when the methods you have used sink in to the leaders and followers you have left behind.

All that happens is that those who oppose you enough to kill you will think you are dead: you are not. Your legacy becomes stronger and stronger.

A polysaccharide is:
A. A fatty acid chain.
B. A chain of monosaccharides.
C. A poly sugar and a saccharide bonded by a 1-4 glycosidic bond.
D. None of these is correct.

Answers

Answer:

B. A chain of monosaccharides

Explanation:

Polysaccharides, or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrate found in food. They are long chain polymeric carbohydrates composed of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages.

A carbohydrate ( starch, cellulose, or glycogen whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.

function of semilunar valves in the heart​

Answers

Answer: They close to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles.

Explanation: To find the semilunar valve is the valve between the left ventricle and the aorta is the aortic semilunar valve.

5. Which function is associated with phagocytes in the blood?
O A) initiating blood clots
B) transporting dissolved nutrients
O C) producing antibodies
D) engulfing bacteria

Answers

Answer:

D) Engulfing Bacteria

Explanation:

What is the function of the fungal structure shown?
A. Energy production

B. Reproduction

C. Nutrient absorption

D. Photosynthesis

Answers

Answer:

Nutrient absorption

Explanation:

the mushroom helps the trees extract minerals and water from the soil .

five characteristics of harmattan​

Answers

The Harmattan is a season in West Africa, which occurs between the end of November and the middle of March. It is characterized by the dry and dusty northeasterly trade wind, of the same name, which blows from the Sahara Desert over West Africa into the Gulf of Guinea.[1] The name is related to the word haramata in the Twi language.[2] The temperature is cold in most places, but can also be hot in certain places, depending on local circumstances.[3]

The Harmattan is a season in West Africa, which occurs between the end of November and the middle of March. It is characterized by the dry and dusty northeasterly trade wind, of the same name, which blows from the Sahara Desert over West Africa into the Gulf of Guinea.[1] The name is related to the word haramata in the Twi language.[2] The temperature is cold in most places, but can also be hot in certain places, depending on local circumstances.[3]Harmattan haze surrounding Abuja National Mosque in Abuja

The Harmattan is a season in West Africa, which occurs between the end of November and the middle of March. It is characterized by the dry and dusty northeasterly trade wind, of the same name, which blows from the Sahara Desert over West Africa into the Gulf of Guinea.[1] The name is related to the word haramata in the Twi language.[2] The temperature is cold in most places, but can also be hot in certain places, depending on local circumstances.[3]Harmattan haze surrounding Abuja National Mosque in AbujaThe Harmattan blows during the dry season, which occurs during the months with the lowest sun. In this season the subtropical ridge of high pressure stays over the central Sahara Desert and the low-pressure Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) stays over the Gulf of Guinea. On its passage over the Sahara, the harmattan picks up fine dust and sand particles (between 0.5 and 10 microns). It is also known as the "doctor wind", because of its invigorating dryness compared with humid tropical air.

Explanation:

Harmattan is a season in west Africa.

Determine whether each statement describes mitosis, melosis, or both mitosis and melosis.

Answers

Answer:

This question is incomplete as it lacks statements, the statements and the answers are as follows:

occurs in organisms that sexually reproduce - MEIOSIS

occurs during growth and development - MITOSIS

the DNA is replicated - MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

occurs in all organisms - MITOSIS

the number of chromosomes remains the same - MITOSIS

the number of chromosomes reduces by half - MEIOSIS

Explanation:

Meiosis and mitosis are both types of cellular divisions that occur in living cells. Mitosis involves the formation of two (2) daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell while meiosis involves the formation of four (4) daughter cells that are genetically different from the parent cell.

The following are characteristics of the two division processes based on this question:

MITOSIS:

- It occurs during growth and development of an organism.

- it involves DNA replication

- it occurs in all organisms since every living organism undergoes growth and development.

- the number of chromosomes after mitosis remains the same in the daughter cell i.e. 2n remains 2n

MEIOSIS:

- It occurs only in organisms that sexually reproduce.

- it also involves the replication of DNA

- The number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by half i.e. 2n to n.

What is the 'processor of thermoregulation that determines if a change in
body temperature is needed?
A. Thyroid
B. Pancreas
C. Kidneys
D. Hypothalamus

Answers

Answer:

D) Hypothalamus

Explanation:

Plants convert ________.

Answers

Answer:

sunlight into energy

Explanation:

What must be true for natural selection to happen?
A. There can be no competition for resources
B. There must be genetic variation in the population.
C. All organisms must reproduce the same amount.
O D. The population must be below carrying capacity.

Answers

Answer:

B

Explanation:

There must be genetic variation in the population.

Natural selection was acting on the population of radish plants. Which of the following DOES NOT satisfy a condition of natural selection as it relates to our radish populations?

a. there was a purple phenotype and a white phenotype
b. the R allele produced a white plant, and rr produced purple plants
c. competition was affecting the reproductive success of at least one of the morphs
d. our populations of radishes were small
e. all of the above are examples of conditions necessary and sufficient for evolution by natural selection

Answers

Answer:

d. our populations of radishes were small

Explanation:

Natural selection is a type of evolution that allows only individuals with favorable characteristics and better adapted to the environment to survive and reproduce offspring with the same favorable characteristics. In this case, to observe a population where natural selection is taking place, population sizes can be disregarded, as this is not a condition for natural selection to take place. However, the other conditions presented in the response options are necessary for natural selection, since it is necessary that there are different phenotypes and genotypes in the population and that competition between them promotes the survival of one group at the expense of the other.

Write down a mechanism for increasing genetic variation in BOTH eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Answers

Answer:

Genetic variation mechanisms are different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Transformation, transduction, and conjugation in prokaryotes whereas crossing over, random assortment, and random fertilization in eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes:

Prokaryotic cells can lead to genetic variation by recombining their genetic material. In prokaryotes, horizontal gene transfer (HGT), in which gene transfer from one organism to another in the same generation. The three most common ways of HGT are transformation, conjugation, and transduction.

Eukaryotes:

Eukaryotic organisms can perform either sexual and asexual or both reproduction in which they are able to transfer genetic material (DNA) to their offsprings. Such transfer of genetic material process is called vertical gene transfer. In sexually reproducing organisms, independent assortment during zygote formation, a mutation in genes, and crossing over during prophase 1 in meiosis is the process that increases the chances of genetic variation.

How is genetic material passed from parent s to offspring?

Answers

DNA is the genetic material and pass from. parents to offspring

DNA is genetic material that gives instructions to the body to create an organisms phenotype.

Why is respiration essential for all organisms?​

Answers

Explanation:

to obtain energy..........

Respiration provides oxygen to cells to allow them to carry out their metabolic functions.

Which of the following is rich in organic nutrients? 
a.Potash
b.Compost
c.Ammonium Sulphate
d.Urea

If you answer I will follow you

answer fast​

Answers

Answer:

Compost

Explanation:

Compost is rich in organic nutrients

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