The fraction of the F2 generation expected to show a combination of phenotypes different from either grandparent is 3/8, option (c) is correct.
The F1 generation of this cross will all be heterozygous (AaBb) for the two independently sorting loci. When these individuals are crossed with each other, their offspring will inherit a random combination of alleles from each parent.
We can determine that the expected genotypic ratios in the F2 generation will be:
1/4 AABB, 1/4 AaBB, 1/4 AABb, 1/4 AaBb, 1/4 aaBB, 1/4 aaBb, 1/4 AAbb, and 1/4 aabb.
When the F1 individuals are crossed with each other, the expected phenotypic ratios in the F2 generation will be 9/16 dominant for both traits, 3/16 dominant for one trait and recessive for the other, 3/16 recessive for one trait and dominant for the other, and 1/16 recessive for both traits.
The proportion of the F2 generation with phenotypes distinct from each grandparent:
(3/16) + (3/16) = 3/8.
Hence, the correct option is (c)
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In photosynthesis, the light reactions ________ while the calvin cycle ________
In photosynthesis, the light reactions captures solar energy while the calvin cycle converts the captured energy into chemical energy
What is photosynthesis?Photosynthesis can be defined as the process whereby green plants manufacture their food from carbon dioxide, water and chlorophyll using the energy gotten from sunlight
So therefore, in photosynthesis, the light reactions captures solar energy while the calvin cycle converts the captured energy into chemical energy
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Does a person in need of an organ transplant have a moral right to obtain that transplant, supposing the availability of the needed organ?.
8. Chromosomes in all human body cells (except for egg and sperm) are:
Answer:
diploid
Explanation:
diploid cells have 23 chromosome pairs, but egg/sperm cells are haploid and don't chromosome pairs
Streptomycin is an antibiotic that interferes with the function of the 30s subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome. what is the consequence of treating a bacteria with streptomycin?
Streptomycin is an antibiotic that used for treat batcerial infection includes - tuberculosis, Mycobacteriujm, Avium complex, Endocarditis, Brucellosis, plague, tularemia , etc.
Streptomycin is an antibiotic that belongs to a class of drug which is known as amino glycogen antibiotics. It affects kidney toxicity and ear toxicity. It used as a standard antibiotic cocktail when it combine with penicillin.
Streptomycin has two action mechanism .Its binds adjacent to 30s decoding site .16S rRNA and S12 protein within the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit. Streptomycin only inhibits its growth of bacteria when it including prokaryotic ribosomes to mRNA.
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What is the approximate diameter of one cell
The approximate diameter of one cell is 0.01 – 0.10 mm.
What is cell size?Cell size is defined as the variable that is used to show how big or small is the cell of an organism.
The cell is defined as the structural and functional unit of a living organism.
The most animal and plant cells are 0.01 – 0.10 mm in size when viewed under the microscope.
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Hiremagalur B, Sabban EL. Nicotine elicits changes in expression of adrenal catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, neuropeptide Y and immediate early genes by injection but not continuous administration. Molecular brain research. 1995 Aug 1;32(1):109-15.
Nicotine, a key pharmacologically active component of tobacco smoke, is often regarded as one of the reasons responsible for cigarette smoking's negative repercussions. Nicotine stimulates the sympathoadrenal system, increasing catecholamine synthesis and release into the bloodstream.
In this work, we show that nicotine injections, both single and recurrent, enhance the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate-limiting enzyme in the catecholamine biosynthesis pathway. In addition, these treatments influenced the expression of dopamine-hydroxylase (DBH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in rat adrenals.
Effects of Nicotine:Nicotine's influence on various transcription factors in the adrenal medulla was investigated. Injection nicotine treatment boosted CREB phosphorylation and activated c-Fos protein without altering members of the jun family. In contrast to the injection results, continuous infusion via osmotic pumps had no effect on any of these parameters.
These findings suggest that nicotine delivery modality influences the activation of many transcription factors and the production of TH, DBH, and NPY.
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Plasmolysis is the ________ of a bacterial cell in a ________ solution
Plasmolysis is the shrinking of a bacterial cell in a hypertonic solution.
Plant cells undergo a process known as plasmolysis when they are exposed to a solution that contains more solutes than the cells do. This is an example of a hypertonic solutionOsmosis is the process by which water leaves cells and enters the surrounding fluid. As a result, the protoplasm—all of the cell's internal components—shrinks away from the cell wall. Cell death may occur as a result of severe water loss that causes the cell wall to collapse. Cells cannot stop plasmolysis from occurring since osmosis is an uncontrollable process that uses no energy from the cell.learn more about Plasmolysis here: https://brainly.com/question/734740
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Memory cells do not require b cell receptors.
a. True
b. False
Memory cells do not require b cell receptors. This statement is False.
Memory B cells may recognize an antigen and produce a particular antibody response because they have B cell receptors (BCRs) on their cell membrane that are identical to those on their parent cells.A B-lymphocyte subtype known as a memory B cell (MBC) is a component of the adaptive immune system. Within the germinal centers of the secondary lymphoid organs, these cells grow. Memory B cells can remain dormant in the blood stream for years at a time. Their purpose is to memorize the properties of the antigen that initially activated their parent B cell, so that when the memory B cell comes into contact with that antigen in the future.It will cause an expedited and potent secondary immune response. B cell receptors are found on memory B cells (BCRs)learn more about Memory cells here: https://brainly.com/question/15196473
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If you are conducting research to determine whether cats have better memories than do turtles, which of the following fields are you studying
If you are conducting research to determine whether cats have better memories than do turtles, which of the following fields are you studying Comparative Cognition.
What is Comparative Cognition?Comparative cognition is the area of study that focuses on comprehending the cognitive processes and capacities that are seen in non-human species. If you are conducting research to determine whether cats have better memories than do turtles, which of the following fields are you studying Comparative Cognition. Comparative cognition is the study of how cognition functions and develops across species. It is sometimes compared to or perceived as being more generic than comparative psychology. The "glass half-full/half-empty" metaphor is frequently used to represent how emotional states can alter cognitive processes, and cognitive bias testing examines this relationship. It has been shown across many species and circumstances that an animal's cognitive bias can be directly linked to welfare status, e.g., those with better welfare make more optimistic judgments. Classical or operant conditioning is employed to test reactions to ambiguous signals.
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Which of the following is true regarding water’s high specific heat capacity?
When we sweat, our bodies undergo evaporative cooling which makes the body heat up
Water can absorb and hold only a little amount of heat before it gets too hot
Small amounts of heat are absorbed by water molecules in order to break the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules
Water’s high specific heat capacity helps regulate the temperature of the Earth
Answer:
small amount of heat are absorbed by water molecules in order to break the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules
When a neuron sends information down the axon, is called an ______ (two words) also known as a spike or impulse.
When a neuron sends information down the axon is called an Action potentials also known as a spike or impulse.It sent information as a packet of messages.
Neurons send signal release chemicals called neurotransmitter . These transmitters bins with a receptors on their surface of the receiving neuron.They are release from presynaptic terminals which branch to communicate with several postsynaptic neurons.
Information is passed by the axon of the potential , when action potential reaches the ends of the axon it needs to be transferred to another neuron or tissues. The dendrites of neurons receive information from sensory receptors or other neurons.
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Protein catabolism is increased in conditions such as?
Answer:
Starvation
Explanation:
Hormones like Insulin, which are anabolic are low during starvation. While Glucagon and epinephrine are high which promote catabolism.
Why did alexander fleming suspect he could get penicillin from a species of mold?
a. Wounds with superficial mold on the bandages were not becoming septic.
b. Bacteria on culture plates were unable to grow near mold contamination.
c. Soldiers eating moldy bread were not suffering from wound infections.
d. Patients infected with a fungus like, athlete's foot, were less likely to have bacterial infections.
e. Soldiers drinking fermented alcohol were less likely to have bacterial infections.
Answer:
b
Explanation:
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Excess capacity is best described as underused plant resources that are a result of?
Excess capacity is best described as underused plant resources that are a result of a company generating less output than the minimum average total cost.
What are plant resources?In business, expression 'plant resources' makes reference to the amount of economically available sources that a company/firm has to carry out their regular tasks.
Regarding costs and benefits, these plant resources can be estimated by taking into account the minimum average total cost.
In conclusion, excess capacity is best described as underused plant resources that are a result of a company generating less output than the minimum average total cost.
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If a cat normally has 38 chromosomes in its somatic (body) cells, how many chromosomes will be in its gametes? a. 76 b. none of these c. 19 d. 38
Each gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell. Hence, cats' gametes will have 19 chromosomes. Option C.
What are the type of cells in the organism?The types of cells in the organism are somatic and germ cells.
Both the somatic and germ cells go through mitosis producing two daughter cells with the same genetic dotation.
Somatic cells are any cell in the body except sperm and egg cells. They are diploid, meaning they contain two chromosome sets, each one inherited from each parent.
Germ cells are diploid reproductive cells. They suffer mitosis to form more sexual cells, and a few suffer meiosis to produce haploid gametes. Each germ cell produces 4 haploid gametes.
Each gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell. Hence, cats' gametes will have 19 chromosomes. Option C.
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Answer: 19
Explanation: half of 38
The smooth layer of firm fibrous tissue covering the contacting surface of joints is called:______
Periosteum is smooth layer of firm fibrous tissue covering the contacting surface of joints.
Periosteum is made up of inner cellular layer and outer fibrous layer. The outer layer is composed mostly of collagen and contains nerve fibers that cause pain when the tissue is damaged. Periosteum covers almost your entire bone . It help bone by suppling blood and help them in heal and grow properly. Periosteum help in repairing of bone in case they are damaged .
Periosteum major function is to provide a source of osteocytes/chondrocytes that differentiate from pluripotent undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. They help in scaffolding for the proliferation of osteocytes/chondrocytes. They are rich source of growth factors.
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A properly maintained and certified Biological Safety Cabinet should be used for all open work with infectious materials in a research laboratory.
The major reason the biosafety cabinets are closed cabinets is that they are made to defend against germs.
When should biological safety cabinets be used?
As it filters both the inflow and exhaust air, a biological safety cabinet (BSC) is a fundamental engineering control used to safeguard employees from biohazardous or infectious agents and to help maintain quality control of the substance being worked with.
When working with biological agents that offer a minimum danger or harm to laboratory staff and the environment, biosafety level 1 is used. Without the use of proper containment tools, work with these kinds of agents is often done in open laboratory cabinets. The BSC's stainless steel inside can reflect potentially dangerous lighting out through the cabinet's opening. Never turn on the UV lamp while a worker is inside the cabinet.
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Selective toxicity, or the ability to affect certain proteins or enzyme systems in the infecting organism, is a much sought-after quality of an anti-infective agent. How many anti-infective agents have this quality
Selective toxicity is a trait which is present in almost all anti-infective agents. This trait allows anti-infective agents to affect and target particular enzymes and proteins in antigens.
Selective toxicity is a trait which is responsible for effecting certain proteins, enzymes or structures in infectious agents like bacteria, fungi and viruses. Without this trait the anti-infectious agents or drugs would have a toxic affect that would be exerted on not only antigens but also on normal, unharmed cells in the body of the host organism. Selective toxicity is displayed by most antibiotics, where these drugs affect the bacterial cell wall and its components. This is also displayed by antiviral drugs. these antiviral drugs affect the spike proteins or capsid proteins on the virus. Antivirals can also be selectively toxic towards receptors that are the point of attachment towards viruses.
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It has been conjectured by the U.S. Census Bureau that "approximately 60% of foreign-born people who live in the U.S. are not naturalized citizens". In a national random sample of 70 foreign-born people who live in the U.S., on average, how many people would you expect to get that are not naturalized citizens. Select the best answer below.
The correct answer to this question is 42 people
There are only two conceivable outcomes for every foreign national residing in the United States. They are either citizens by naturalization or they are not. Separate from other foreign nationals residing in the country is the likelihood that a foreign national will not become a citizen. Therefore, to address this problem, we employ the binomial probability distribution.
How to use the Binomial Probability?Probability that exactly x will succeed after n iterations with p probability.
The binomial distribution's anticipated value is:
[tex]E(X)=np[/tex]
Approximately 60% of foreign-born residents of the United States are not citizens by naturalization.
It follows that
[tex]p=0.6[/tex]
70 Americans with foreign ancestry
[tex]n=70[/tex]
How many persons who are not naturalized citizens would you anticipate receiving?
[tex]E(X)=np=70*0.6=42[/tex]
The right response is thus:
42 people
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When teaching a client with diabetes about monitoring for episodes of hypoglycemia:_________
When teaching a client with diabetes about monitoring for episodes of hypoglycemia, the nurse should tell the client to check for symptoms like feeling shaky, weakness, cold, headache, nausea.
What is hypoglycemia?Hypoglycemia refers to a situation where blood glucose level is less than a given standard value.Glucose is the main source of food for the body and a person suffering from hypoglycemia may feel hungry, nauseous, and weak.Mainly hypoglycemia is related to diabetes but it may also occur due to other diseases and medications.To prevent the symptoms of hypoglycemia, one should consume high sugar foods and drinks.A person with hypoglycemia has blurred vision, confusion, drowsiness, difficulty in concentrating.If the level of blood glucose is low for a long time, it may even lead to seizures, coma and eventually death.Learn more about hypoglycemia here:
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A person cannot drink too much water; the kidneys and sweat glands make water excretion quick and efficient, protecting the body from overhydration.
Answer: false, hypernaltemia
Explanation:
Why did Mendel use pea plants in his experiments?
Why is the selective permeability of the plasma membrane essential for normal cell function?.
The selective permeability of the membrane is essential for the normal functioning of the cell because it maintains the internal order and functioning of the cell. Water, ions, glucose, and carbon dioxide may need to be imported or exported from the cell depending on its metabolic activity.
Along with this, the entry and exit of signaling molecules in the cell are also needed to be regulated. The presence of a selectively permeable membrane allows the cell to exercise control over the quantum, timing, and rate of movement of these molecules.
Plasma Membrane: It is a membrane that encloses all the constituents of the cell and separates them from the exterior environment. It is mainly made up of lipids and proteins.
Selective permeability of plasma membrane: The plasma membrane is selectively permeable in nature that is it allows entry and exit of only selected molecules in and out of the cell according to the requirements.
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Pleas help me.... I'm about to fail my class. I will mark brainliest!!!!
You are a doctor who examines the x-ray of a broken bone, which is healing. What should you look for to indicate that the break is almost completely healed? (2 points)
Procallus
Hematoma
Compact bone
Spongy bone
I know it's either compact bone or spongy bone, but can someone who took the test confirm which one it is!
The portion of the large intestine found between the transverse and sigmoid colon on the left side of the abdominal cavity is the colon.
Descending colon is found between the transverse and sigmoid colon on the left side of the abdominal cavity.
What are the components of large intestine?The cecum, colon, rectum, and anus are the components of the large intestine. Mesenteries are tissue folds that hold the colon and rectum in the belly.
Caecum: The colon and ileum (the last part of the small intestine) are connected by a pouch-like channel called the cecum.
Colon: The longest part of the large intestine is the colon. There are 4 sections in the colon-
Ascending colon: The colon begins with the ascending colon. It is located on the abdomen's right side. It continues upward until it reaches the hepatic flexure, a bend in the colon.Transverse colon: Following the ascending colon and hepatic flexure is the transverse colon. The upper portion of the abdomen is where it is located. The splenic flexure, a bend in the colon, marks its conclusion.Descending colon: The transverse colon and splenic flexure are followed by the descending colon. The abdomen's left side is where it is located.Sigmoid colon: The colon's final section, the sigmoid colon, joins to the rectum.Rectum: The lower portion of the large intestine that joins the sigmoid colon is known as the rectum. Its length is roughly 15 cm (6 in). It takes waste from the colon and keeps it there until the anus allows it to leave the body.
Anus: The aperture at the bottom end of the rectum known as the anus is where feces exits the body.
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Suppose a reptile damages one of its kidneys, and the kidney is not able to function.
The levels of which material within the reptile’s body would most likely be affected?
carbon dioxide
nutrients
water
oxygen
REPTILES ARE METANEPHRIC KIDNEY
The correct option is (B) nutrient for the given question.
Reptiles are described as tetrapod vertebrate animals where they do perform excretion through small kidneys. Due to the lack of Loop of Henle in reptiles thus they aren't able to produce adequate urine that is excreted in concentrated form in solids.
A damaged kidney usually will have decreased perfusion resulting in activation of the RAAS Mechanism triggering an elevation of blood volume to an extent. Due to long-standing kidney diseases, there will be an accumulation of nutrients circulating within the bloodstream at higher levels such as (Creatinine, etc.) due to renal damage.
Hence with a damaged kidney filtration & excretion of the body contents are decreased.
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Mitochondria contain circular strands of _____, similar to that found in many prokaryotes.
Mitochondria contain circular strands of DNA similar to that found in many prokaryotes.Most important are those striking similarities between prokaryotes and mitochondria.
Each mitochondria is its own circular DNA genome like a bacteria's genome , but that is much smaller than mitochondria genome. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar in size to prokaryotic cells and their division by splitting /fission similar to prokaryotes.
Prokaryotes lack mitochondria ATP present on their cell membrane surface.Bacteria and mitochondria are also similar in the light of genetic elements -both contain circular DNA and divide through fission. Mitrochondria have plump,jellybeans like shapes which is similar to rod shaped bacilli bacteria.
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In the following scenario, which question should Marie consider to determine if this career is right for her?
Marie is finishing a degree in animal science and is considering a career as an animal breeder.
What is the role of selective breeding in agriculture?
What degree is most useful for animal breeders?
Does she enjoy working in a hands-on position?
Does she prefer working in a laboratory or office?
If Marie is finishing a degree in animal science and is considering a career as an animal breeder, then she should consider what degree is most useful for animal breeders.
What is selective breeding?Selective breeding is a technique aimed at crossing animals or plants in order to select offspring having better traits/features in the next generations.
Selective breeding is based on the process of genetic selection due to the heritability of phenotypic traits (in this case, in animals).
In conclusion, if Marie is finishing a degree in animal science and is considering a career as an animal breeder, then she should consider what degree is most useful for animal breeders.
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We used the enzyme, taq polymerase, which is derived from the thermus aquaticus bacterium, in our pcr procedure. Why is this enzyme important for efficiency in pcr?.
The enzyme Taq polymerase is required in the PCR process because it is the main enzyme that synthesizes the new DNA strands complementary to the template strand and without the activity of this enzyme the PCR will be useless and it cannot make the copy of the given strand in any way. Thus, this enzyme is very much necessary for the efficient working of the PCR.
Polymerase Chain Reaction is a very efficient technique that can able to detect and copy even a small amount of DNA by performing a set of reactions at different temperatures.
The PCR process begins with the denaturing of the template strand at 95°C, followed by annealing in which the appropriate primers bind to the single strands of DNA at 50-56°C, followed by extension at 72°C in which the thermostable Taq polymerase synthesizes the strand complementary to the template DNA.
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In negative control of transcription by the lac operon, how does the presence of an inducer affect transcription?.
In case, if the inducer of lac operon [allolactose] is present in the medium during negative control, then it can bind to the repressor and decrease the binding affinity of the repressor with the operator due to which the level of transcription increases.
Operon can be understood as an arrangement having multiple genes, all of which are being regulated under the same promoter. ex- Lac operon
Lac Operon is a set of three genes z, y & a which are regulated under the same promoter which regulates the amount of lactose production in the cell.
Under negative control, glucose is present and lactose is absent due to which no CAP [catabolite repressor protein] binding occurs, the repressor remains active and thus binds to the operator region of operon hindering the transcription process.
But, when the inducer will be present then it will manipulate the action of the repressor due to which the level of transcription increases.
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