The solubility of [tex]AB_{3}[/tex] salt is given as 2.00 g/L. This means that for every liter of solution at 25°C, 2.00 g of [tex]AB_{3}[/tex] salt dissolves. The molar mass of the salt is 219 g/mol, the Ksp of[tex]AB_{3}[/tex] salt at 25°C is 7.6 * [tex]10^{-14}[/tex]
2.00 g/L ÷ 219 g/mol = 0.00913 mol/L The solubility of AB3 salt gives us the concentration of [tex]AB_{3}[/tex] ions in solution, which we can use to calculate the Ksp. The balanced chemical equation for [tex]AB_{3}[/tex]
The solubility product expression for this equation is: Ksp = [tex][A3+][B-]^3 [A3+] = [B-] = 0.00913 mol/L[/tex], Substituting these values into the Ksp expression, we get: Ksp = (0.00913 mol/L)(0.00913 mol/L) = 7.6 x[tex]10^{-14}[/tex]
It's important to note that the Ksp value calculated here is an approximation based on the solubility of the salt at a specific temperature. The actual Ksp value can vary slightly due to factors such as the purity of the salt, the presence of impurities, and changes in temperature. Therefore, the Ksp of [tex]AB_{3}[/tex] salt at 25°C is 7.6 * [tex]10^{-14}[/tex]
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Comparison of IR of starting materials (given in the lecture) to IR of product What indicates the purity of the product on the IR spectrum of product
The Old Way
If the peaks matched those of known impurities, they could use the intensities to calculate the purity of the ester.
What is IR Spectrum ?IR-spectroscopy is perhaps the most frequently used technique in the organic chemistry labs at PSU. It is routinely used to identify products and to verify that an experiment has succeeded.
An IR -spectrum routinely shows peaks from the range of 3600 to 500 cm-1. IR -frequencies correspond to the frequencies of molecular vibrations. The IR spectrum can be used to show that there is not any starting material left by the loos of the alkene bond(C=C) between 1500cm^-1 and 1800cm^1 from 1-hexene and the addition of a hydroxyl group(-OH) of 2-Hexanol between 3000cm^-1 and 3300cm^-1.Learn more about IR Spectrum here:
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Which is a type of star system?
hope my answer is useful..hope my answer is useful..
What is the energy change when 100g of Benzene boils at 80.1°C?
The enthalpy of vaporization for Benzene is 30.8 kJ/mol. 39.42 kJ is the energy change when 100g of Benzene boils at 80.1 degrees Celsius.
What is Enthalpy of Vaporization ?The amount of enthalpy or energy that must be added to a liquid substance into gas substance is called Enthalpy of Vaporization. It is also known as Latent heat of vaporization.
How to find the energy change from enthalpy of vaporization ?To calculate the energy use this expression:
[tex]Q = n \Delta H_{\text{vapo.}[/tex]
where,
Q = Energy change
n = number of moles
[tex]\Delta H_{\text{Vapo.}}[/tex] = Molar enthalpy of vaporization
Now find the number of moles
Number of moles (n) = [tex]\frac{\text{Given Mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{100\ g }{78\ g/mol}[/tex]
= 1.28 mol
Now put the values in above formula we get
[tex]Q = n \Delta H_{\text{vapo.}[/tex]
= 1.28 mol × 30.8 kJ/mol
= 39.42 kJ
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that The enthalpy of vaporization for Benzene is 30.8 kJ/mol. 39.42 kJ is the energy change when 100g of Benzene boils at 80.1 degrees Celsius.
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Disclaimer: The question was given incomplete on the portal. Here is the complete question.
Question: The enthalpy of vaporization for Benzene is 30.8 kJ/mol. What is the energy change when 100g of Benzene boils at 80.1 degrees Celsius?
A hydrogen bond can occur between:
A. Two hydrogen atoms on different molecules.
B. Two oxygen atom surrounded by hydrogens.
C. The two hydrogen atoms on a water molecule.
D. A hydrogen from one molecule and an oxygen from another molecule.
A hydrogen bond occurs between a hydrogen from one molecule and an oxygen from another molecule. Option D
What is the hydrogen bond?The hydrogen bond is one that is responsible for association in molecules. It occurs when hydrogen is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative element such as oxygen, nitrogen or Sulphur.
Thus, a hydrogen bond occurs between a hydrogen from one molecule and an oxygen from another molecule. Option D
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How many moles of carbon are in 7.87x10^7 carbon atoms
?x10^?
Answer:
1.3 x10^-16
Explanation: answered it in your comments! :)
Help me pls!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
The liberated electron will have 10.28 eV kinetic energy.
Given that light of frequency 3.62 × [tex]10^{15}[/tex] Hz strikes a surface of copper metal with work function([tex]W_{0}[/tex] = 4.70 eV).
The incident (photon) energy given as hf (Planck's Constant time's frequency) minus the energy that "binds" the electron to the metal (the work function) will equal the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electron.
K.E. = hf − ϕ
Where K = Kinetic energy
h = Planck's constant = 6.62607015 × [tex]10^{-34}[/tex] J s
f = frequency = 3.62 × [tex]10^{15}[/tex] Hz
ϕ = 4.70 eV = 4.7 × 1.6 × [tex]10^{-19}[/tex] = 7.52 × [tex]10^{-19}[/tex]
K.E. = 6.62607015 × [tex]10^{-34}[/tex] × 3.62 × [tex]10^{15}[/tex] - 7.52 × [tex]10^{-19}[/tex]
= 6.62607015 × 3.62 × [tex]10^{-19}[/tex] - 7.52 × [tex]10^{-19}[/tex]
= 23.98 × [tex]10^{-19}[/tex] - 7.52 × [tex]10^{-19}[/tex]
K.E. = 16.46 × [tex]10^{-19}[/tex] J = 10.28 eV
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Regions in the human genome where one nucleotide has been substituted for another in at least 1% of the population are called:_______
Regions in the human genome where one nucleotide has been substituted for another in at least 1% of the population are called single nucleotide polymorphism
What are nucleotides?Nucleotide can simply be defined as the basic building block of nucleic acids either RNA and DNA
Generally, nucleotides consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base.
A region is any considerable and connected part of a space or surface; specifically, a tract of land or sea of considerable but indefinite extent, a country, a district, in a broad sense, a place without special reference to location or extent but viewed as an entity for geographical, social or cultural reasons.
So therefore, regions in the human genome where one nucleotide has been substituted for another in at least 1% of the population are called single nucleotide polymorphism.
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A mixture of water and acetone boils at 1.25 atm will boil at 348.15K. Given the vapor pressure of acetone (1.58 atm) and water(0.312 atm), what is the composition of the solution in terms of mole fraction of each chemical present
A mixture of water and acetone boils at 1.25 atm will boil at 348.15K. Given the vapor pressure of acetone (1.58 atm) and water(0.312 atm). 5.06 is the composition of the solution in terms of mole fraction of each chemical present.
What is Raoult's Law ?Raoult's Law is a nonvolatile solute lowers the vapour pressure of the solvent.
It is expressed as:
[tex]P_{\text{soln}} = x_{\text{solvent}} P_{\text{solvent}}[/tex]
where,
[tex]P_{\text{sol}[/tex] = vapor pressure of the solution
[tex]x_{\text{solvent}}[/tex] = mole fraction of the solvent
[tex]P_{\text{solvent}}[/tex] = vapor pressure of the pure solvent
Now put the values in above expression, we get
[tex]P_{\text{soln}} = x_{\text{solvent}} P_{\text{solvent}}[/tex]
[tex]x_{\text{solvent}} = \frac{P_{\text{soln}}}{P_{\text{solvent}}}[/tex]
[tex]= \frac{1.58}{0.312}[/tex]
= 5.06
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that A mixture of water and acetone boils at 1.25 atm will boil at 348.15K. Given the vapor pressure of acetone (1.58 atm) and water(0.312 atm). 5.06 is the composition of the solution in terms of mole fraction of each chemical present.
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In general, which solvent should be used to wash the solid material collected from a filtration?
The same solvent as the liquid in the original mixture should be used to wash the solid material collected from a filtration.
The solid material which is collected from the filtration is washed by that solvent in which that solid material is dissolved. Generally methanol solvent is used to wash the solid material collected from a filtration.
The filtration is the process in which solid particles present in liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by using of a filter.This filter is only permits or allow only the fluid to pass though it and retain the solid particles.The solid particles left is known as filtrate.learn about filtration
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Cesium-137 has a half life of 30.0 years. If initially there are 8.0 kg of cesium-137 present in a sample, how many kg will remain after 60.0 years
Mass after 60 years:
2 kg of cesium-137 will remain after 60.0 years.
What is Half-life?
The duration needed for a quantity to decrease to half of its initial value is known as the half-life.
Given:
N0 = is the initial amount of cesium-137 = 8.0 Kg
N = is the amount remaining after a time = Unknown
t = Duration of cesium-137 decay in 8.0 Kg = 60 years
t1/2 = half-life of cesium-137 = 30.0 years
Formula = N/No = (1/2)^t/t1/2
After putting the value:
N/8= (1/2)^60/30
N/8= (1/2)^2
N/8= 1/4
4N= 8
N= 8/4
N= 2 Kg
As a result, 2 Kg of cesium-137 will be present after 60 years.
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Which is more precise
164 or 165 if the true value is 167
A Carnot cycle operates between the temperatures limits of 400 K and 1600 K, and produces 3600 kW of net power. The rate of entropy change of the working fluid during the heat addition process is
The rate of entropy change:
The rate of entropy change of the working fluid during the heat addition process is 3 kW/K
What is the Carnot cycle?
The Carnot Cycle is a thermodynamic cycle made up of reversible isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression, and adiabatic compression processes in succession. The ratio of the heat absorbed to the temperature at which the heat was absorbed determines the change in entropy.The entropy of a system:
The rate of heat addition is expressed as,
Q = [tex]\frac{WT_{H}}{T_{H}- T_{L}}[/tex]
The entropy of a system is a measure of how disorderly a system is getting. The rate of entropy generation during heat addition is,
[tex]S_{gen} = \frac{Q}{T_{H}} = \frac{W}{T_{H} - T_{L}}[/tex]
Calculation:
Given:
[tex]T_{L}[/tex] = 400K
[tex]T_{H}[/tex] = 1600K
W = 3600 kW
Put all the values in the above equation, and we get,
[tex]S_{gen} = \frac{W}{T_{H} - T_{L}}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{3600}{1600-400}[/tex] = 3 kW/K
The rate of entropy change is 3 kW/K
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Part C Compare your proposed process for the synthesis of ammonia from part E of task 2 with the Haber process. Describe at least two similarities and two differences between the processes.
On comparing the proposed processes of ammonia synthesis by dry distillation and Haber process,
The similarities found are both process use natural raw material and The differences between them are Haber process use catalyst (iron) while there is no catalyst in the proposed processDry distillation processAmmonia was mainly produced by the method of dry distillation pf animal waste It can also be prepared from the waste of vegetables which are rich in ammoniaIn this process the nitrites, nitrous acids and hydrogen were reduced to give the nitrogen as a product.Haber process This process involves the reaction between molecules of nitrogen and hydrogen in gaseous phase.The raw materials, nitrogen is obtained from air and the hydrogen is from Water and methane gas.Chemical reaction involved in this process is, N2 + 3H2 ↔ 2NH3The catalyst used in this process is iron which increases the rate of reaction.Learn more about Haber process on
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A sample of propane (C3H8) has a mass of 0.47 g. The sample is burned in a bomb calorimeter that has a mass of 1.350 kg and a specific heat of 5.82 J/(g • °C). How much energy is released by the reaction if the temperature of the calorimeter rises by 2.87°C?
Use q equals m C subscript p Delta T..
7.85 kJ
10.6 kJ
22.5 kJ
47.9 kJ
Propane is burned in a 1.350-kg bomb calorimeter with a specific heat of 5.82 J/g.°C. For a temperature rise of 2.87 °C, the energy released is 22.5 kJ.
What is a bomb calorimeter?It is a device that can measure heats of combustion, used in various applications such as calculating the calorific value of foods and fuels.
A sample of propane is burned in a bomb calorimeter with a mass (m) of 1.350 kg and a specific heat (c) of 5.82 J/g.°C. All the energy released by the propane is absorbed by the bomb calorimeter.
If the temperature rises by 2.87 °C (ΔT), we can calculate the energy released (Q) using the following expression.
Q = c × m × ΔT = 5.82 J/g.°C × 1,350 g × 2.87 °C × (1 kJ/1000 J)
Q = 22.5 kJ
Propane is burned in a 1.350-kg bomb calorimeter with a specific heat of 5.82 J/g.°C. For a temperature rise of 2.87 °C, the energy released is 22.5 kJ.
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Answer:
22.5 kj
Explanation:
Experiment 1: in the synthesis reaction, the white powder produced is magnesium oxide (mgo, mm = 40.3 g/mol). how many moles (n) of magnesium oxide were formed? select the closest answer.
1.98 moles of Magnesium oxide were formed.
What is Balanced Chemical Equation ?The balanced chemical equation is the equation in which the number of atoms on the reactant side is equal to the number of atoms on the product side in an equation.
Now write the balanced chemical equation
2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO
(2 × 24) 2 × (24 + 16)
48 g of Mg gives 80 g of MgO
How to find the number of moles ?To find the number of moles use the expression
Number of moles = [tex]\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{80}{40.3}[/tex]
= 1.98 mole
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that 1.98 moles of Magnesium oxide were formed.
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A certain amount of substance has a mass of 120 g and the number of moles is 2. Calculate the molar mass. Group of answer choices
Answer:
60 g / mole
Explanation:
120 g / 2 mole = 60 g/mole
In texas, special elections are used to:
In Texas, special elections are used to ratify amendments to the Texas Constitution.
What is Election?This is referred to a formal way of people voting for someone or for a type of cause.
Special elections which are held in Texas is done to ratify amendments to the constitution and is usually done by the legislature thereby making it the most appropriate choice.
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The soft ionization technique that uses a UV-absorbing compound upon which the analyte of interest is placed and eventually vaporized into a plume of ions directed into the mass analyzer is
The soft ionization technique that uses a UV-absorbing compound upon which the analyte of interest is placed and eventually vaporized into a plume of ions directed into the mass analyzer is matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization.
What is Soft ionization technique ?
Soft Ionizer produces less fragment ions. Soft ionizer produce the molecular ions or a quasi molecular ion. This technique not fragment the macromolecules into the more smaller charged particles.
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that The soft ionization technique that uses a UV-absorbing compound upon which the analyte of interest is placed and eventually vaporized into a plume of ions directed into the mass analyzer is matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization.
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Blank + 3Fe, reaction arrow, Fe3O4+4H2
How to complete this equation so that it is a Single displacement reaction
The complete reaction equation is [tex]3Fe + 4H_2O -- > Fe_3O_4 + 4H_2[/tex]
What are single displacement reactions?They are reactions in which one of the elements in a reactant is displaced by another element in the product.
In the reaction leading to the production of [tex]Fe_3O_4[/tex], Fe displaced H atoms from [tex]H_2O[/tex].
Thus, the equation of the reaction is as follows:
[tex]3Fe + 4H_2O -- > Fe_3O_4 + 4H_2[/tex]
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QUICK CHECK
Select the structure corresponding to methylpropylether.
O
Distinguishing Alcohols and Ethers
DONE
The structure that corresponds to methylpropylether is the structure CH3 - O - C3H7 in option C.
What is structure?The structure of a compound is defined as the way in which the atoms in the compound are arranged. We know that a compound is composed of atoms and these atoms are arranged in particular patterns in space. This is the stereochemistry of the molecule.
Now we know that methylpropylether is a compound that contains the methyl group and the propyl group separated by a oxygen atom as is typical of all ethers.
As such, the structure that corresponds to methylpropylether is the structure CH3 - O - C3H7 in option C.
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Determine the molar mass of a 0.314-gram sample of gas having a volume of 1.6 l at 287 k and 0.92 atm. show your work.
As per Ideal gas equation, molar mass of the gas is 5.032 g/mo
We’ll begin by calculating the number of mole of the gas. This can be obtained as follow:
Volume (V) = 1.6 L
Temperature (T) = 287 K
Pressure (P) = 0.92 atm
Gas constant (R) = 0.0821 atm.L/Kmol
Number of mole (n) =?
According to Ideal gas equation , PV = nRT
0.92 × 1.6 = n × 0.0821 × 287
1.472 = n × 23.5627
Divide by 23.5627
n = 1.176 / 23.5627
n = 0.0624 mole
Finally, we shall determine the molar mass of the gas. This can be obtained as follow:
Mass of gas = 0.314 g
Number of mole = 0.0624 mole
Mole = [tex]\frac{mass}{molar mass}[/tex]
0.0624 = [tex]\frac{0.314}{molar mass}[/tex]
Cross multiply
0.0624 × molar mass of gas = 0.314
Divide by 0.0624
Molar mass of gas = [tex]\frac{0.314}{0.0624}[/tex]
Molar mass of gas = 5.032 g/mo
Therefore the Molar mass of gas is 5.032 g/mo
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Describe any five uses of non-metals.
HYDROGEN: USED AS ROCKET FUEL.
CHLORINE: USED TO PURIFY WATER.
GRAPHITE: USED IN PENCILS TO WRITE.
HELIUM: USED IN BALOONS TO MAKE THEM FLOAT INTO THE AIR.
PHOSPHOROUS: USED FOR IGNITION, SUCH AS FIREWORKS.
What type of polymer is alginic acid? Which two modified carbohydrate units make up the basic building block of this polymer?
An alginic acid is bio polymer. The two modified carbohydrate units make up the basic building block of this polymer are guluronic acid ( G) and mannuronic acid (M).
Alginic acid is a biopolymer formed from chain of polyuronic acid. Alginic acid is polysaccharide found in brown algae. Alginic acid is also known as Algin. it is linear co-polymer.
Polysaccharides are found in the food and it is most abundant carbohydrates. It is long chains of monosachharides. Polysaccharides is formed by glycosidic linkage or bonds .
Example of polysaccharides are cellulose , starch , glucogen.
lern about polysaccharide
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6. which metal will not be able to be oxidized by any of the other metals listed?
Metal that won't be oxidized:
Metal that will not be able to oxidize by any of the other metals is gold.
What causes oxidation to happen?
This chemical reaction might take place in the air or after the metal has been in contact with acids or water. The most prevalent example is corrosion of steel, which occurs when the iron molecules on the surface of steel change into iron oxides, most frequently Fe2O3 and Fe3O4.
If you've ever seen a rusted-out vehicle or corroded metal bits, you've witnessed oxidation in action.
Metals that don't oxidize:
In their native condition, noble metals like platinum or gold resist oxidation. Ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, and iridium are more examples of these metals. Humans have developed a wide variety of corrosion-resistant alloys, including brass and stainless steel.
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potassium iodide lead (II) nitrtate -- lead (II) iodide potassium nitrtate , write as a balanced equation
For Lead (II) Nitrate + Potassium Iodide → Lead (II) Iodide + Potassium Nitrate , The balanced equation is [tex]Pb(NO_{3})_{2}[/tex] + 2KI -----> [tex]PbI_{2}[/tex] + 2 [tex]KNO_{3}[/tex]
We must first convert from a word equation to a symbol equation:
Lead (II) Nitrate + Potassium Iodide → Lead (II) Iodide + Potassium
Nitrate
The lead (II) ion is represented as [tex]Pb^{2+}[/tex] and nitrate ion as [tex]NO_{3} ^{-}[/tex]
We need two nitrate ions per lead (II) ion, so lead (II) nitrate is [tex]Pb(NO_{3})_{2}[/tex]
The potassium iodide is simply KI
In lead (II) iodide, the charges balance in a 1:2 ratio, so it is [tex]PbI_{2}[/tex]
And, potassium nitrate is simply [tex]KNO_{3}[/tex]
So, The symbol equation is as follows:
[tex]Pb(NO_{3})_{2}[/tex] + KI -----> [tex]PbI_{2}[/tex] + [tex]KNO_{3}[/tex]
Now, increase the number of nitrate ions on the right hand side of the equation as:
[tex]Pb(NO_{3})_{2}[/tex] + KI -----> [tex]PbI_{2}[/tex] + 2 [tex]KNO_{3}[/tex]
Now, balance the potassium ions on each side of the equation as:
[tex]Pb(NO_{3})_{2}[/tex] + 2KI -----> [tex]PbI_{2}[/tex] + 2 [tex]KNO_{3}[/tex]
Hence, the balanced equation is ;
[tex]Pb(NO_{3})_{2}[/tex] + 2KI -----> [tex]PbI_{2}[/tex] + 2 [tex]KNO_{3}[/tex]
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A sample of air at room temperature in a 4.00 L container holds approximately 0.562 moles of O2and 2.11 moles of N2 along with other trace elements to total 2.67 moles. What is the mole fraction of N2 in the mixture
Taking into account the definition of mole or molar fraction, the mole fraction of N₂ in the mixture is 0.79.
Molar fractionThe molar fraction is used to express the concentration of a solute in a solution and expresses the proportion in which a substance is found with respect to the total moles of the solution, which are calculated by adding the moles of solute(s) and solvent.
The mole fraction "x" of the elements in a compound is defined as a ratio between the number of moles of each of the different elements present in the compound and the total number of moles of them:
x=number of moles of the solute÷ total number of moles
Mole fraction of N₂ in the mixtureIn this case, you know that:
number of moles of N₂: 2.11 molestotal number of moles: 2.67 molesReplacing in the definition of mole fraction:
x=2.11 moles÷ 2.67 moles
Solving:
x= 0.79
Finally, the mole fraction of N₂ in the mixture is 0.79.
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HI. I need some help in understanding EXTRACTION OF METAL, so do we use ELECTROLYSIS as separating method of a molten solution of there ion to extract them from the solution ,or NOT
Yes, Electrolysis is used as a separating method of a molten solution of their ion to extract them from the solution.
What is Electrolysis?A non-spontaneous chemical reaction can be sped up using a process called electrolysis that uses direct electric current. As a step in the electrolytic cell-based separation of elements from naturally existing sources like ores, electrolysis is significant from a commercial standpoint.
The electric current used to trigger an artificial reaction Numerous elements were discovered and are still produced in today's industry by the electrolysis method, which can be used to separate a substance into its original components or elements.
Uses for electrolysis include
The removal of metals from their ores using this process.It is employed in the refinement of several metals, including copper and zinc.Chlorine is produced by the process of electrolysis.Many items we use every day are electroplated using electrolysis.To know more about electrolysis refer to: https://brainly.com/question/12054569
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what is the formula n²o
Answer:
Nitrous oxide
Explanation:
Nitrous+ Oxygen (ygen becomes -ide when it is combined) = Nitrous oxide
just learnt these in school, hope this is correct
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A balloon contains a 10% glucose solution. The balloon is permeable to water but not to glucose. A beaker contains a 5% glucose solution. What will happen when the balloon is submerged in the beaker
The state of the balloon:
When the balloon is submerged in the beaker, the amount of water in the beaker will get reduced.
What is Osmosis:
Based on the concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane, water will flow through a permeable membrane in a specific direction.
Hypertonic solution:
It means that there are more solutes present in the surrounding environment than in the cell itself.
Hypotonic solution:
In a hypotonic solution, the concentration of solutes inside the cell is higher than that outside the cell.
When comparing two solutions, the one with the larger solute concentration is hypertonic, and the one with the lower solute concentration is hypotonic. Isotonic solutions have an identical solute concentration.While the solution in the beaker is hypertonic, Meaning that will draw water molecules out of the cell. As water molecules move from a location of high water potential (dilute solution) to a region of reduced water potential (10% glucose solution), the water from the 5% glucose solution will flow into the 10% one (concentrated solution)This is the reason why the amount of water decreases when the balloon is submerged in the beaker.Learn more about the glucose solution and permeability here,
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______ is a naturally occurring metal found in the environment as well as manufactured in products. The major source of this metal has historically been from fuels in on-road motor vehicles such as cars and trucks, and industrial sources.
Lead is a naturally occurring metal found in the environment as well as manufactured in products. The major source of this metal has historically been fuels in on-road motor vehicles such as cars and trucks, and industrial sources.
Lead: An Air PollutantBoth naturally occurring in the environment and used in manufactured goods are the metal lead. In the past, industrial sources and fuels used in on-road motor vehicles (such as cars and trucks) have been the main sources of lead emissions. Lead emissions from the transportation industry rapidly reduced by 95% between 1980 and 1999 thanks to regulatory measures in the U.S. to remove lead from gasoline for on-road motor vehicles, while lead levels in the air decreased by 94% over the same period. The areas closest to lead smelters typically have the greatest airborne lead concentrations today. Today, the processing of ores and metals as well as piston-engine aircraft using leaded aviation gasoline are the main sources of lead emissions into the atmosphere.
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