The Klingon warrior ship takes approximately 0.16895 seconds to pass the Enterprise as measured by the clocks on the Enterprise.
According to the theory of relativity, time dilation occurs as the relative velocity between two objects increases. Therefore, the time it takes for the Klingon warrior ship to pass the Enterprise as measured by the clocks on the Enterprise will be different from the time measured by the clocks on the Klingon warrior ship.
To calculate the time it takes for the Klingon warrior ship to pass the Enterprise as measured by the clocks on the Enterprise, we can use the time dilation formula:
t' = t / sqrt(1 - v^2/c^2)
where t is the time measured by the clocks on the Klingon warrior ship, t' is the time measured by the clocks on the Enterprise, v is the relative velocity between the two ships, and c is the speed of light.
First, we need to calculate the relative velocity between the two ships:
v_rel = v_Klingon - v_Enterprise
= 0.9c - 0.84c
= 0.06c
Next, we need to calculate the time it takes for the Klingon warrior ship to pass the Enterprise as measured by the clocks on the Klingon warrior ship. To do this, we need to calculate the length of the Enterprise as measured by the Klingon warrior ship due to length contraction:
[tex]L' = L / sqrt(1 - v^2/c^2)[/tex]
= 450m / sqrt(1 - 0.9^2)
= 150m
The time it takes for the Klingon warrior ship to pass the Enterprise as measured by the clocks on the Klingon warrior ship is therefore:
t = L' / v_Klingon
= 150m / 0.9c
= 0.16667 seconds
Finally, we can use the time dilation formula to calculate the time it takes for the Klingon warrior ship to pass the Enterprise as measured by the clocks on the Enterprise:
[tex]t' = t / sqrt(1 - v_rel^2/c^2)[/tex]
= 0.16667 seconds / sqrt(1 - 0.06^2)
= 0.16895 seconds
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A swedish children’s toy company is sending its toys to other countries in south america to sell through various distributors. What is this type of entry strategy called?.
A strategy in which the company enters any other country by providing its products to distributors, is called a distribution strategy.
What is a Strategy?A strategy is a plan that an organization have adopted to reach its goals, the company make strategies to achieve its targets and goals, the main goal of an organization is to increase revenue while the strategy is the one in which it is described that how the organization will actually achieve this goal.
There are different strategies available and it depends on the board of directors as what strategy they want to follow. The strategy in the scenario is of entering a new market and that also through distributors, this strategy will have low capital investment requirements, as there is no need to open outlets in the South America region.
This strategy is called the distribution strategy.
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An exporting entry strategy is used when the Swedish children’s toy company is sending its toys to other countries in south america to sell through various distributors.
What is an exporting entry strategy?This refers to the sale of products and services in foreign countries that are sourced from the home country.
Most time, the easiest form of entry strategy is an exporting such as direct or indirect method through an agent.
The more complex entry strategy include the global operations which may involve joint ventures, or export processing zones.
Hence, the advantage of the exporting entry strategy is that firms avoid the expense of establishing operations in the new country.
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The two most basic inventory questions answered by the typical inventory model are:.
The two most basic inventory questions answered by the typical inventory model are: timing of orders and order quantity.
What is Supply Chain Management?
The process of transferring raw materials through multiple channels within an organization in an attempt to transform them into a product and then distribute them to the end consumer is known as supply chain management. It improves the customer's experience with a product.
What is Inventory Model ?An inventory model is a tool used by organizations to determine a sufficient level of inventory that should be maintained for smooth workflow throughout the production process. It defines the scheduling of orders and states the order quantity to effectively and efficiently manage inventory.
Reasons for Incorrect Options:
Option A) is incorrect because the inventory model does not determine the cost of orders.
Option B) is incorrect because the inventory model does not assist in determining order cost.
Option D) is incorrect because the inventory model does not account for the firm's service level.
Option E) is incorrect because the inventory model does not depict ordering and carrying costs.
Therefore, we can conclude that the correct option is C.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full question was:
The two most basic inventory questions answered by the typical inventory model are:
A) timing of orders and cost of orders.
B) order quantity and cost of orders.
C) timing of orders and order quantity.
D) order quantity and service level.
E) ordering cost and carrying cost.
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CVP analysis allows companies to easily identify the change in profit due to changes in: Multiple select question. costs. volume. location. management. selling price.
Cost Volume Profit (CVP) analysis, also known as break-even analysis, is a financial planning tool that executives use to set the short-term strategy for their business. It informs corporate decision makers of the (short-term) impact on profit of changes in selling prices, costs, and quantities.
CVP analysis aims to determine the outputs that drive company value, highlight the impact of fixed costs, break-even points, target profits, and determine sales figures and sales forecasts. CVP analysis makes pricing decisions and pricing structures easier.
CVP analysis estimates how changes in a company's fixed and variable costs, sales volume, and price affect the company's profits. This is a very powerful tool in finance and accounting. It is one of the most commonly used tools in management accounting to help managers make better decisions.
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Dan is the President of a major corporation. He is hiring a new Vice President, and while he knows Lauren is the most qualified for the job, he selects George for the position. This is an example of ______.
The fact that Dan picked George over Lauren even though Lauren was the most qualified shows homosocial reproduction.
What is homosocial reproduction?This refers to when people employ or choose people for a position that they feel are more like them.
Dan selected George over Lauren because he felt that George was more like him and so could be trusted better.
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What is the percentage decrease in revenue
The revenue earned from tourists in Florida was:
2018 – $4 381 million
2019 – $3 607 million
What is the percentage decrease in revenue from tourists to Florida?
Select one answer
A) 17.67%
B) 21.46%
C) 82.33%
D) 121.46%
Answer:
c) 82.33 is the percentage decrease in revenue from tourist to Florida
________ is the shift from people making their own fun to people purchasing it as goods and services.
The commodification of recreational activities is the shift from people making their own fun to people purchasing it as goods and services.
What is commodification?This is when values are assigned to objects or things which are previously meant for fun. Commodification occurs when something that used to have intrinsic value gradually develops a monetary value like water, or sunshine, or knowledge as an example.
Here, human and socio cultural value are converted into market value which also applies to goods, services, ideas, and other forms and products.
Commodification provides benefit to a business environment which includes opportunities for developing new products and services inorder to meet ever changing customer needs and demand.
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Buyer sarah is purchasing a residential property. she plans to live in the home and operate a daycare business out of it. having mentioned this to her agent, the agent should?
Buyer Sarah is purchasing a residential property is (c) specify the use as a daycare in Objectives.
A goal must be quantitative to be powerful. For an instance, 'Make plenty of money cannot be objective, while 'increase profit by using 20%” is a powerful objective as long as it is time-certain. How can you acquire the objective? the solution is – the key effect.
A purpose is a workable outcome this is usually a vast and lengthy-time period while an objective defines measurable actions to reap the general goal.
A goal is an idea of the future or preferred end result that a person or a group of human beings envision, plan and decide to obtain. People endeavor to attain goals within a finite time by way of placing closing dates.
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All the benefits associated with a good, service, or idea that affect a consumer's purchasing decision are known as the total?
All the benefits associated with a good, service, or idea that affect a consumer's purchasing decision are known as the total product offer.
A consumer is a person who orders, orders, or uses purchased goods, products, or services primarily for personal, social, family, household, and similar needs not directly related to an entrepreneurial or business activity. A person or group intended to
A consumer is an individual or group who is an end user of a product or service. Here are some examples: A company that purchases printers for their company.
Consumers are defined as individuals or businesses that consume or use goods or services.
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Which one of the following is a way to reduce costs and strive to achieve a competitive advantage based on lower overall costs per pair sold than rival companies
There are 3 techniques for organizing a competitive benefit: value leadership, Differentiation, and focus
To advantage price benefit a firm has to go through 5 evaluation steps:
Identify the firm's primary and support activities. Set up the relative importance of every pastime inside the general price of the product. Perceive cost drivers for every interest. Become aware of hyperlinks between activities. Become aware of opportunities for reducing charges.Retiring enterprise units, products, skills, and tactics that aren't operating out. For instance, an Australian financial institution expands to Asia but finds that it's far a money-dropping assignment 12 months after yr. The choice is made to reduce and run.
Cost reduction is the process of reducing an agency's fees to maximize earnings. It entails figuring out and casting off prices that do not offer an introduced fee to clients at the same time as also optimizing procedures to improve performance.
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A manufacturing company has budgeted production of 940 for the month. Each unit requires $1.25 in variable overhead cost. The budgeted fixed cost is $950 per month. The total budgeted overhead cost will be $_____________.
The total budgeted overhead cost for a single unit is $2.26. The calculation of the budgeted overhead is formulated below.
What is Inventory?Inventory is the current asset of a company, which the company sells to generate revenue and profits, the inventory is reported in the statement of financial position in the assets side under the current asset head. The details about the inventory can be checked and reviewed in the notes to the financial statements.
In a service sector company there is no inventory, but a manufacturing and those companies which sell goods have large amount of inventory.
The budgeted overhead can be calculated as:
The total per unit variable cost + Fixed costs per unit.
Calculating fixed cost per unit
$950 / 940 units = $ 1.01
The total per unit variable cost + Fixed costs per unit.
$1.25 + $ 1.01 = $ 2.26
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What combination of proposals would you choose given the $5,000 the school has to spend?
The combination of proposals would you choose given the $5,000 the school has to spend is a playground for use in physical education, kindergarten instructors, and Math. This is further explained below.
What is physical education,?Generally, Physical education and games are often taught in schools.
In conclusion, Because the first investment will ensure that each student's physical health is taken care of, and the second investment will ensure that each student has a solid foundation in mathematics, both of these are equally important.
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Internal performance measurements focused on the extent to which employees are using a crm system as intended are known as ________.
Internal performance measurements focused on the extent to which employees are using a CRM system as intended are known as Human Resource Management.
In order to manage and analyze customer interactions and data across the customer lifecycle, businesses employ a combination of practices, strategies, and technologies known as customer relationship management (CRM).
The objective is to strengthen interactions with customers in order to promote client retention and increase sales.
CRM systems gather information about customers from various points of contact between them and the business, such as the company's website, the company's phone line, direct mail, marketing materials, and social media.
CRM systems can also give staff workers who deal with consumers in-depth knowledge of their personal data, purchasing history, shopping preferences, and issues.
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Which type of customer is outside your organization and expects you to provide services or products
The individuals that purchase and utilize the goods or services that your business provides are known as external clients. These clients are those you should design for when coming up with problems and solutions. An external client is a sort of consumer who does not interact with the business directly,
But purchases and uses the goods and services that are produced. What is typically referred to as a "customer" in general is an external customer. They make a purchase of a company's goods or services but do not hold any other positions within the business, such as vendor, partner, or employee.
Some such instances include shoppers who visit a store to buy groceries, tourists who purchase admission tickets at attractions or parks, and hotel guests.
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Incapacity or death, bankruptcy, or destruction of property are examples of circumstances where agency terminates by ______.
Incapacity or death, bankruptcy, or destruction of property are examples of circumstances where an agency terminates by Operation of law.
This is further explained below.
What is the Operation of law.?Generally, A legal circumstance in which a person acquires certain rights (or occasionally duties) without having to take any action, needs the cooperation of another person, or is the subject of a judicial order.
In conclusion, Incapacity or death, financial ruin, or the loss of property are some examples of situations that might result in the termination of an agency as a result of the operation of the legislation.
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B. Did the percentage change in nominal gdp exceed the percentage change in real gdp in any of the last three years listed?
The percentage change in nominal GDP exceed that of real GDP in all the three years.
Did the percentage change exceed that of real GDP in any of the three years?Gross domestic product is the total sum of final goods and services produced in an economy within a given period which is usually a year.
Nominal GDP is GDP calculated using current year prices while Real GDP is GDP calculated using base year prices. Real GDP has been adjusted for inflation.
Real GDP = (Nominal GDP / GDP deflator) x 100
Real GDP in year 1 : (21,000 / 100) x 100 = 21,000
Real GDP in year 2 : (21,650 / 103) x 100 = 20,932.04
Real GDP in year 3 : (22,495 / 105) x 100 = 21,423.81
Real GDP in year 4 : (23,280 / 108) x 100 = 21,555.56
Change in Real GDP in year 2: (20,932.04 / 21,000) - 1 = -0.32%
Change in Real GDP in year 3: (21,423.81 / 20,932.04) - 1 = 2.35%
Change in Real GDP in year 4: (21,555.56 / 21,423.81 ) - 1 = 0.61%
Change in Nominal GDP in year 2: (21,650 / 21,000) - 1 = 3.10%
Change in Nominal GDP in year 3: (22,495 / 21,650) - 1 = 3.90%
Change in Nominal GDP in year 4: (23,280 / 22,495) - 1 =3.49%
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Southland farm sold ten september futures contracts on wheat. Southland farm will:______.
A) receive payment now and deliver in September.B) receive payment for the wheat in August and deliver in September.C) pay for the wheat now and deliver in September.D) receive wheat in September from the holder of the contract.E) receive payment for the wheat and deliver wheat in September.
Southland farm sold ten September futures contracts on wheat. Southland farm will: both receive payment and deliver in September. Option A. This is further explained below.
What is the payment?Generally, the act or process of making a monetary contribution to someone or something, or of receiving a monetary contribution.
In conclusion, Wheat futures contracts were sold by Southland Farm for 10 contracts in September. September will be a busy month for the Southland farm, with both payments and deliveries.
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an investor has $50000 that she wishes to invest for her child's college expenses, which the child starts next year. The most suitable recommendation to the client is to invest the funds in:
The investment option that the client should go with to pay the child's college expenses is a. treasury bills.
Why should treasury bills be used?Treasury bills have a short term lifespan of less than a year which means that they mature in a short period of time.
The investor can invest in treasury bills and be able to access them by the time the child starts in school the next year.
Options for the question are:
a. treasury bills
b. intermediate-term bonds maturing in 5 years
c. long-term bonds of blue chip companies maturing n 10-30 years
d. a mutual fund based on the S&P 500 index
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In order to pay for the child's college education, the customer needs to invest in a. treasury notes.
What are the benefits of using Treasury Bills?Treasury notes have a short-term life of less than a year, therefore they mature quickly.
Investment in treasury bills may be made by an individual and accessed by the time the investor's kid begins school the following year.
How can I answer this question?in the form of treasury notes
a. 5-year intermediate-term bonds
Bonds are issued by blue-chip firms with maturities of 10 to 30 years.
the S&P 500 index-based mutual fund
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Write qnd explain 2 advantages that business can obtain by registering its name
There are a number of benefits when a business is registered, the main benefits are, limited liability and can open company bank accounts.
What is a Company?A company if registered as a limited liability is a company which can have a bank account on the company's name and also the owners of the company is entitled for the limited liability.
The limited liability is the waiver of liability from the owner of the company, when a company is registered as a limited liability it is separate from its owners and the owners are not personally liable for any losses made by the company.
In a case of a bankruptcy the owners will not pay the creditors of the company from their personal assets. However the company is liquidated and the creditors are paid off by the assets of the company.
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A contingent liability is an actual obligation arising from a past event. This statement is:.
A contingent liability is an actual obligation arising from a past event. This statement is: False its not actual.
What is Contingent Liability ?A contingent liability is defined as a liability which may arise depending on the outcome of a specific event. It is a possible obligation which may or may not arise depending on how a future event unfolds. A contingent liability is recorded when it can be estimated, else it should be disclosed.
The Types of Contingent Liabilities are :
Probable:
Probable contingent liabilities can be reasonably estimated (and must be reflected within financial statements.
Possible:
Possible contingent liabilities are as likely to occur as not (and need only be disclosed in the financial statement footnotes.
Remote:
Remote contingent liabilities are extremely unlikely to occur (and do not need to be included in financial statements at all.
Examples of Contingent Liability are:
Pending lawsuits :
Pending lawsuits are considered contingent because the outcome is unknown.
Warranties :
A warranty is considered contingent because the number of products that will be returned under a warranty is unknown.
Hence, The given Statement is FALSE.
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How does the use of new technology in industry benefit consumers more so than producers?
A: Consumers can allocate their resources wisely.
B: Consumers have greater access to information.
C: Consumers can use materials from anywhere.
D: Consumers can ship goods around the world
Answer:
B: Consumers have greater access to information.
Explanation:
Technological development impacts several areas of current life, fostered by the digital revolution. This has also made communication processes and interpersonal relationships faster and automated.
In organizations, the use of technology makes companies more competitive and innovative.
Other importance of technology are:
It makes processes seamless
It increase data processing
Provide support for important decisions.
Hence, the use of new technology in industry benefit consumers such that consumers have greater access to information
therefore answer is b
The use of new technology in the industry benefits consumers more so than producers as Consumers have greater access to information. Thus, option B is correct.
What is a Producer?A producer is an individual or a businessman who develops and offers products or services. Multinational companies (MNCs) are the primary producers that economic changes and the to and the fro refer to when discussing producers.
As there will be various technology and the advancement that will b performed. This is the consumer that will have the information. The benefit that the producer has with the access.
The information and the technology will have the advancement will be with the competition that will be present. Also, the consumer will have a wide variety of products. Therefore, option B is the correct option.
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Compared to the distribution of money income, the distribution of income that takes into consideration the effects of taxes and in-kind benefits
Compared to the distribution of money income, the distribution of income that takes into consideration the effects of taxes and in-kind benefits is more equal.
One of the political economy's most perplexing problems is the allocation of income. People who believe that all earnings should be equal, or as close to equal as feasible and that the primary role of the government should be to redistribute income from the wealthy to the poor represent one extreme.
The concept of "income distribution" comes from statistics. Income is not being distributed by one individual. Instead, when people interact through markets and are influenced by the tax system, the distribution of income is determined by their choices regarding their employment, saving, and investing.
The distribution of income that accounts for the effects of taxes and in-kind benefits is more equitable than the distribution of income expressed in terms of money.
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Which of the following health issues relates to both carbohydrate metabolism and the consumption of dairy products
The following health issues relates to both carbohydrate metabolism and the consumption of dairy products is option D. all of the above
What disease does dairy products cause?Milk and other dairy products are the top source of saturated fat in the American diet, contributing to heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. Studies have also linked dairy to an increased risk of breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers.
Therefore, the correct answer is option D. all of the above
The complete question goes thus:
Which of the following health issues relates to both carbohydrate metabolism and the consumption of dairy products
A. type 2 diabetes mellitus
B. heart disease
C. polycystic ovary syndrome
D. All of the above
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What document did the buyers sign when they purchased this property that enabled the trustee to proceed with a nonjudicial foreclosure
A deed of trust should be signed by any buyer who purchases the property that enabled the trustee to proceed with a nonjudicial foreclosure.
A trust deed, commonly referred to as a deed of trust is a document that is occasionally used in funded real estate transactions in place of a mortgage. A bank, escrow business, or title company, for example, may get the legal title to a property through a deed of trust and retain it until the borrower pays the lender their loan.
Although deeds of trust are less frequent than they previously were, some 20 states still insist on their usage when financing the purchase of real estate.
The borrower delivers the lender one or more promissory notes in return for a deed of trust. A promissory note is a written statement of the borrower's promise to repay the debt. It includes details on the loan's terms, including things like the interest rate and other requirements.
The promissory note will be marked "paid in full" and the deed will be given back to the buyer once the debt has been fully repaid. The promissory note belongs to the lender while the buyer is paying off the house; the buyer is only allowed to keep a copy for their records.
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Which of the following could be an appropriate security step for businesses implementing a BYOD policy for employees
The option is (d) All of the above.
An appropriate security step for businesses implementing a BYOD (bring your own device) policy for employees are-
Limiting access to e-mail only.Password and timeout protectionLimiting the types of apps that can be downloadedWhat is BYOD (bring your own device) policy?BYOD (bring your own device) is an organizational policy that permits employees to use their own personal devices for work-related tasks. Accessing emails, connecting to the corporate network, and using corporate apps and data are a few examples of those actions.
A BYOD policy may include all or some of the following:
What constitutes appropriate use of personal devices for work-related activities.The kinds of mobile devices that IT has approved for use. Software that must be installed to help secure the device, like mobile device management (MDM) or mobile application management (MAM) tools.Security measures like password requirements.User responsibilities regarding the device and its access to the network. Are there any incentives or cost reimbursements for using personal data plans for work-related activities.An exit strategy should employees decide they no longer want to use their personal devices for work, as well as a clear statement of the termination policy.To know more about "bring your own device" (BYOD) policy, here
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The complete questions is-
Which of the following could be an appropriate security step for businesses implementing a BYOD (bring your own device) policy for employees?
a. Limiting access to e-mail only.
b. Password and timeout protection
c. Limiting the types of apps that can be downloaded
d. All of the above
Assume that initially there is free trade. if the united states then imposes a $25 tariff per barrel of imported oil, the tariff revenue generated will equal?
Tarrif revenue generated is equal to the increase in the imports enlarging the tax base using import demand elasticilty.
A tarrif is a as tax on imported goods with reference to domestic products.
The production that has been imported ,government may choose to restrict competititon by applying tarrif which helps to create an equilibrium price.
Imposing of tarrif worth $25 on imports would help to reduce domestic producer's pressure upon industry generating an income .
Consumers will face higher price whereas the producers would be able to sell more in the trade creating a balance.
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What is an advantage of renting a place to live?
lower up-front costs
payments change from month to month
low down payment
increasing equity over time
An advantage of renting a place to live is: lower up-front costs.
Advantage of renting a placeThe benefits or advantage of renting a place to live is that it tend to reduce or lower up-front cost and the person who rent the place will have little responsibilities compare to homeowners because the cost of maintenance and repairs will be lower.
Hence, the correct option is A, renting a place or house lower up-front costs.
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An advantage of renting a place to live is A. lower up-front costs.
What is renting a home?Renting a home refers to an agreement for the temporary use of another's property.
Renting is the opposite of owning a home through mortgage payments or outright purchases.
Some of the advantages of renting a home over owning one are:
Less expensive upfrontFlexibilityNo property taxes are requiredNo repairs and maintenance costsReduced risksShorter-term commitment.Thus, an advantage of renting a place to live is A. lower up-front costs.
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_ (one word) competition is a market characterized by having many sellers, differentiated products, and ease of entry and exit from an industry.
Monopolistic competition is a market characterized by having many sellers, differentiated products, and ease of entry and exit from an industry.
What is Monopolistic competition?
An industry with a lot of companies offering similar (but not identical) replacement goods or services is known as one with monopolistic competition. In a monopolistic competitive industry, there are few barriers to entry and exit, and no firm's decisions directly affect those of its rivals. Brand differentiation is a commercial strategy that is directly tied to monopolistic competition.In monopolistic competition, businesses often work to distinguish their goods in order to generate profits above the market.Some economists criticize the widespread use of heavy marketing and advertising by businesses under monopolistic competition as being wasteful.To know more about monopolistic competition
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Lillian loaned A.J. $10,000 and increased her purchasing power by $200 when A.J. repaid the loan a year later. Deflation of 2% also occurred that year. What nominal interest rate did Lillian charge A.J.
The nominal interest rate did Lillian charge A.J. is 0%.
What is the interest rate?The amount of interest due every period as a percentage of the amount lent, deposited, or borrowed is referred to as the interest rate (called the principal sum). The total interest on a lent or borrowed amount is determined by the principal amount, the interest rate, the compounding frequency, and the length of time it is lent deposited, or borrowed.The annual interest rate is the rate over a one-year period. Other interest rates are applicable over different time periods, such as a month or a day, but they are typically annualized.As it is purchasing power was increased by $200.
$200 is 2% of $10,000.
Since deflation is 2%.
Therefore, the nominal interest rate did Lillian charge A.J. is 0%.
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On January 1 of Year 1, Bryson Company obtained a $147,750, four-year, 7% installment note from Campbell Bank. The note requires annual payments of $43,620, beginning on December 31 of Year 1.
Installment note from Campbell Bank.
1-Jan Note intt expense Decrease 31-Dec
Amortization of Installment Notes Carrying payment 7% in Carrying
Year ending December 31 amount cash paid notes payable amount
year 1 147,750 43,620 10343 33,278 114,473
year 2 114,473 43,620 8013 35,607 78,866
year 3 78866 43,620 5521 38,099 40,766
year 4 40766 43,620 2854 40,766 0
b) Journal Entries
Date Account titles & Explanations Debit Credit
year 1 1-Jan Cash 147,750
Notes payable 147,750
(to record issuance of note)
year 1 31-Dec Interest expense 10343
Notes payable 33,278
cash 43,620
(to record interest expense)
year 2 31-Dec Interest expense 8013
Notes payable 35,607
cash 43,620
(to record interest expense)
year 3 31-Dec Interest expense 5521
Notes payable 38,099
cash 43,620
(to record interest expense)
year 4 31-Dec Interest expense 2854
Notes payable 40,766
cash 43,620
(to record interest expense)
c) interest expense of 10,343 would be reported on the income statement of Bryson Company.
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The determination of the mathematical relationship between activity level and cost is known as:______
Answer:
cost estimation