The examples can be classified as follows:
A new flu vaccine is needed every year due to directional selection.
Many antibiotics are no longer effective against bacteria due to directional selection.
Individuals in one population of finches evolving different beak sizes exhibit disruptive selection.
Very large and very small newborns suffering health problems indicate stabilizing selection.
British land snails with two different phenotypes adapted to different habitats represent disruptive selection.
Bird clutch sizes consisting of 4-5 eggs being more likely to hatch indicate stabilizing selection.
What types of natural selection are exhibited in these examples?The examples provided can be classified into different types of natural selection. In the case of the new flu vaccine and antibiotics, the flu virus and bacteria evolving resistance represent directional selection. This type of selection favors the survival and reproduction of individuals with traits that are advantageous in changing environments.
The example of finches occupying different niches and evolving different beak sizes demonstrates disruptive selection. This type of selection favors extreme variations of a trait, leading to the formation of distinct groups within a population.
The occurrence of serious health problems in very large and very small newborns indicates stabilizing selection. This type of selection favors average traits and reduces extreme variations, resulting in greater fitness for individuals with intermediate values of a trait.
Similarly, the British land snails with different phenotypes adapted to different habitats exhibit disruptive selection. The distinct phenotypes are favored in their respective habitats, leading to a divergence in traits.
Lastly, the observation that bird clutch sizes of 4-5 eggs are more likely to hatch demonstrates stabilizing selection. This type of selection favors intermediate clutch sizes and reduces the fitness of both smaller and larger clutch sizes.
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Esther was on the YMCA diving team. She was on the 30 meter platform preparing to do a dive. If Esther's mass was 50 kg and she hit the water with a force of 980 N, what was her acceleration?
The acceleration of Esther on the YMCA was found to be about 19.6 m/s^2
What are the three acceleration laws?
Unless pushed upon by a force, every item travels in a straight line. An object's acceleration is directly proportional to the net force applied and inversely proportional to the object's mass. There is an equal and opposite reaction to every action.
In basic terms, what is acceleration?
Acceleration is the rate at which velocity varies over time, both in terms of speed and direction. A point or object travelling in a straight path is accelerated if it accelerates or decelerates. Even if the speed is constant, motion on a circle is accelerated because the direction is constantly changing.
as per the formula F=ma
then this formula was rewritten as a=F/m
where m= mass = 50Kg
F= force exerted =980N
acceleration (a) = 980/50
a =19.6 m/s^2
The acceleration of Esther on the YMCA was found to be about 19.6 m/s^2
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Students in a class are studying patterns of inheritance using genes involved in determining the body color and wing shape of Drosophila flies. Each of the genes has only two alleles, one of which is completely dominant to the other.
Each student in the class performed a parental cross between a fly that is true-breeding for ebony body and vestigial wings and a fly that is true-breeding for gray body and long wings. Each student then crossed several pairs of the F1
flies and determined the phenotypes of 500 of the resulting F2
flies with respect to body color and wing shape. The students in the class averaged their data for the frequencies of the four possible phenotypes (Table 1).
The students performed a second cross. The parental cross was between flies that are true-breeding for gray bodies and long wings and flies that are true-breeding for ebony bodies and curly wings. They crossed pairs of F1
flies and determined the phenotypes of the resulting F2
flies. The students found an approximate 3:1
ratio of flies with the dominant phenotype (gray bodies and long wings) to flies with the recessive phenotype (ebony bodies and curly wings). Only a few of the flies expressed the dominant phenotype of one trait and the recessive phenotype of the other trait.
(b) Using the template, construct an appropriately labeled graph, including error bars, to represent the data in Table 1. Based on the data in Table 1, determine whether there is a significant difference between the number of flies in each of the four phenotypes.
Ebony body
Genetics refers to the area of biology that focuses on genes and patterns of gene inheritance over successive generations. Alleles can be divided into two categories: dominant and recessive.
What are three laws of genetics?George Mendel's laws of genetics, also known as Mendel's principles of inheritance, are three laws that explain how traits are passed down from parents to their offspring.The first law is the law of segregation, which states that during the formation of gametes (sex cells), the two copies of each gene (one from each parent) separate from each other, so that each gamete receives only one copy of each gene.The second law is the law of dominance, which states that when different versions of a gene (alleles) are present, one allele will be dominant and will be expressed, while the other allele will be recessive and will not be expressed.The third law is the law of independent assortment, which states that the inheritance of one gene is independent of the inheritance of another gene. This means that the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of another trait.To learn more about George Mendel's laws refer:
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Why do nonpolar compounds tend to have lower melting points and boiling points than polar compounds?.
Because of their weak van der Waals interactions, non-polar molecules have the lowest melting and boiling points.
What accounts for the higher melting points of polar molecules?Polar molecules can be drawn to the positive and negative regions of nearby polar molecules in the same way that they are drawn to the positive and negative plates in an electric field. Polar compounds thus frequently have melting points that are higher than those of nonpolar ones.
Which factor accounts for the high melting and boiling points of polar molecules?The underlying idea is straightforward: the stronger the noncovalent connections between molecules, the more heat energy is needed to separate them. Stronger materials have higher melting and boiling points.
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What is the impact of the increasing volume as a cell grows on the surface area?
The effect of increasing volume as cells grow over the surface area is the production of melanin or the pigment that gives skin its color.
What are cells growing on the surface?Cells growing on the surface area with excessive volume can cause melanoma. Melanoma can also be caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight or tanning lamps. To reduce the risk of this condition, a person needs to limit exposure to UV radiation.
The risk of this disease appears to be increased in people under the age of 40, especially in women. Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer.
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Being poisonous, spicy, or tasty are different ways plants can protect themselves or help their seeds spread. What's another internal structure that helps a plant to survive?
Another internal structure that helps a plant to survive is the xylem to suck up water. The correct option is B.
What are adaptations for survival?Adaptations are structures or features that an organism such as a plant or animal has that help it survives in a specific environment.
There are several forms of adaptation such as:
Structural AdaptationsBehavioral AdaptationPhysiological AdaptationsCoadaptation.For example, being poisonous, spicy, or tasty are different ways plants can protect themselves or help their seeds spread.
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The reaction of reactant results in the change in the atoms bonded to the compounds and results in the product with varying amount of stoichiometric coefficient in the product.
The reaction of reactant results in the change in the atoms bonded to the compounds and results in the product with varying amount of stoichiometric coefficient in the product.
What is a chemical reaction?At a specific temperature and chemical concentration, chemical reactions occur at a predictable reaction rate. Because there is more thermal energy available to attain the activation energy required to break bonds between atoms, reaction rates often increase as temperature rises. Up until they are finished or reach equilibrium, reactions can move forward or backward.
Reactants or reagents are the or substances that are initially utilized in a chemical reaction.
Stoichiometry is a crucial idea in chemistry that enables us to compute reactant and product amounts using balanced chemical equations. We employ the ratios from the balanced equation in this situation.
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Which factor given is the most significant agent of erosion?
O acidity
O temperature
O wind
O pressure
Answer:
Wind
Wind also contributes to erosion, such that it moves the soil particles from one place to another. The strong winds or gusts also result in dust storms
A single base substitution can occur in the first, second, or third position of a codon. Propose which position the point mutation is most likely to go unnoticed.
Why? Use examples from the codon wheel to support your answer.
The first, second, or third positions of a codon can all experience a single-base replacement. What position is the highest likelihood that the point mutation will go undetected? In the third slot, a substitute has the highest chance of going unnoticed.
What would happen if a substitution occurred in the first or second base of a codon?A mutation known as a substitution is one that switches one base for another (i.e., alters just one "chemical letter," for as changing an A to a G). A codon may be changed to one that codes for a different amino acid, which would result in a minor modification to the protein that is made.For instance, twofold degenerate codons can withstand silence mutation rather than Missense or Nonsense point mutations at the third position, whereas fourfold degenerate codons can tolerate any point mutation at the third position, although codon usage bias restricts this in practice in many organisms.If a base substitution takes place in the codon's third position, there is a strong likelihood that a synonymous codon will be produced. The mutation is referred to as silent since the gene's encoded amino acid sequence is unaltered.To Learn more About single-base replacement Refer To:
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What is it that is so awesome about birds? If you ask people that question, chances are they will likely respond with "they can fly!" .... It appears that there is not much a
bird cannot do (other than use a computer).
1. scientific evidence suggests that assumptions based on anecdotes may be incorrect
2. reproducible anecdote allows people to assume knowledge, despite a lack of replicated scientific evidence
3. scientists propose explanations for their findings, which allow other scientists to create rival explanations and hypotheses
4. reproducibility in anecdotal observations
Answer:
they can go anywhere they want. they can just sit on top of a traffic light if that’s what they want. humans can’t do that so in my opinion that’s pretty neat.
Explanation:
tbh i’m not sure what kind of answer you’re looking for… but here you go anyway
What is the incentive for producers?
A higher price for a good or service creates an incentive for buyers to buy less of that good or service and for producers to produce or sell more of it.
When the price of goods and services falls, it creates an incentive for buyers to buy more of those goods and services and for producers to produce or sell less of them. Price-based incentives are economic factors that motivate and persuade buyers to take action and complete purchases.
Special pricing allows users to get financial benefits on their purchases. Incentive function of the price mechanism
Manufacturers offer more products because they offer opportunities to generate more revenue and profits. The price increase incentive function is associated with increasing supply along the existing supply curve.
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Meiosis involves divisions in which one germ cell divides into four gametes. Is the cell division of in which the number of chromosomes is.
One germ cell splits twice during meiosis to produce four haploid gametes. Meiosis is the process by which gametes divide into two cells with a diploid number of chromosomes.
In meiosis, how many chromosomes are there?chromosomes 23. Half of the original 46 chromosomes, or 23 chromosomes, will be present in each daughter cell. There are two sister chromatids on each chromosome. The daughter cells now enter meiosis II, the third and last stage of meiosis.
Meiosis: What is it?Meiosis: What is it? A single cell divides twice during the meiotic process to produce four haploid daughter cells. The gametes—eggs in females and sperm in males—are these cells.
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what is nerve impulse
Answer: The nervous impulse is also called 'action potential'. It refers to the electric signal produced by a neuron when stimulated. This signal is then transmitted by synapses, or connections between the cells.
Answer:
a signal transmitted along a nerve fibre. It consists of a wave of electrical depolarization that reverses the potential difference across the nerve cell membranes.
Explanation:
What is a codon and what is its role in protein synthesis?
A codon is a DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides that serves as a unit of genomic information and codes for a specific amino acid or signals the end of protein production.
Any of the 64 distinct DNA sequences of three consecutive nucleotides that either encode information for the creation of a particular amino acid or act as a stop signal to end translation are referred to as codons in genetics (protein synthesis). Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U) are the four nitrogenous bases that make up codons (U). The 20 amino acids that make up proteins are specified by 61 of the 64 available codon sequences, while three are stop signals.In the process of protein synthesis, polypeptide chains are created inside of cells using programmed combinations of individual amino acids. A coded sequence, enzymes, and messenger, ribosomal, and transfer ribonucleic acids are necessary for the creation of new polypeptides (RNAs).
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Answer: A codon is a DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides
Explanation:
All of the following are correct about olestra except:
A. it is digestible.
B. it is an artificial fat.
C. it is a combination of sucrose and fatty acids.
D. it does not contribute calories to food.
Olestra is an artificial fat formed of combination of sucrose and fatty acids. It is not digestible.
Olestra is a synthetic fat which is used in a lot of products. It is a substitute to the natural fat used in snacks like potato chips and adds no calories to the product. It is composed of combination of sucrose's hexa, hepta and octa esters as backbone instead of the usual glycerol along with other fatty acids.
It is able to pass through the digestive tract undigested. It has a few side effects like fat soluble vitamins are not absorbed by the body and are excreted out along with olestra.
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Which of the following could be performed by a biomechanist?
A. quantitative analysis of human movement
B. qualitative analysis of human movement
C. both A and B
D. none of the above
The following could be performed by a biomechanist correct options is
C. both A and B
The science of biomechanics is crucial for addressing issues with human mobility. Biomechanics is only one of several elements in a kinesiology professional's arsenal related to sport and human movement science.
Measures of the severity of head injuries have been developed as a result of the biomechanical study of automobile accidents. These measurements have been used in biomechanical testing and in the design of numerous types of helmets to avoid brain injuries.
The qualitative analysis of human movement is one of the most crucial abilities of kinesiology specialists, and biomechanics is the key contributor to this talent because it is essentially the science of movement method.
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how many molecules of carbon dioxide are released during one turn of the citric acid cycle?
Answer: 4
Explanation:
Krebs cycle, also known as the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) or citric acid cycle, takes place inside the mitochondrial matrix. This cycle is a stepwise oxidative and cyclic degradation of acetyl CoA. The cycle acts on the 2 pyruvate molecules generated during glycolysis.
The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate. 1 molecule of glucose produces 2 molecules of pyruvate. So 1 molecule of pyruvate is responsible for the release of 2 CO2 molecules during 1 Krebs cycle. Since 1 glucose molecule gives 2 pyruvate molecules. There will be two cycles to utilize both the pyruvate molecules. Thus, 1 glucose molecule is responsible for the release of 4 CO2 molecules during Krebs cycle.
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How do earthworms spread to new areas?
Earthworms spread slowly in nature, but human activities like planting, earthmoving for construction, and the release of worms used as fishing bait can swiftly introduce them.
Worldwide, earthworms are an invasive species. There are roughly 120 widely spread earthworm species worldwide out of a total of about 6,000 species. These earthworms are peregrine or cosmopolitan. In many places, some of them are invasive species. An earthworm uses two distinct sets of muscles to move. Longitudinal muscles run the length of the body, while circular muscles loop around each segment. The earthworm extends as a result of the circular muscles contracting, growing longer and thinner.
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apicomplexans are currently assigned to the chromalveolates because __________.
Apicomplexans are currently assigned to the chromalveolates because of their shared characteristics, including the presence of a unique organelle called the apical complex and a shared evolutionary origin.
The Apicomplexans are a diverse group of unicellular organisms that are known for their unique apical complex, which is a set of specialized organelles that are used for host cell invasion, and a shared evolutionary origin with other chromalveolates. The chromalveolates are a diverse group of organisms that includes dinoflagellates, ciliates, and diatoms, among others. They are characterized by a unique type of plastid called a chromoplast, which gives them their name.
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How do geologic cross-sections help geologists learn about the geologic history of a location?
O They show the oldest and most well-preserved rocks and fossils in a location.
O They reveal the absolute ages of each rock and the fossils it contains.
O. They reveal the rock type, layers, and relative ages of events of a location.
O They present information on the rocks and fossils found at the surface.
They show the oldest and most well-preserved rocks and fossils in a location.
What is geologic cross-sections?A geological cross-section is a visual representation of where the subsurface geological bodies intersect a particular orientation vertical plane. Geological cross sections, which may or may not include accompanying maps, are graphic depictions of vertical slices through the earth used to explain or interpret geological relationships. Line diagrams called "cross sections" depict a landscape from the side. They can display topographic details like hills and valleys or subterranean information like the depth of a river. The height of the land can be determined from cross sections of hills using contour lines.Scientists disagree about whether the rocks are 3.8 billion or 4.4 billion years old, but they were recently discovered in the northeastern edge of Hudson Bay in Canada. The earlier date would place the rocks close to when Earth first created.To learn more about geologic cross-sections refer to:
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If the road is larger then there will be fewer birds crossing, fewer birds living in the nearby forest, and different types of birds that do cross the road, compared to smaller roads
1. Observation
2. Question
3. Collect Evidence
4. Hypothesis
What was the significance of the radioactive isotopes Hershey and Chase chose?
A. Both sulfur and phosphorus are found in large amounts in DNA.
B. Both sulfur and phosphorus are found in large amounts in proteins.
C. Phosphorus is abundant in DNA, while sulfur is abundant in protein.
D. Phosphorus is abundant in protein, while sulfur is abundant in DNA.
The significance of the radioactive isotopes Hershey and Chase chose is that C. Phosphorus is abundant in DNA, while sulfur is abundant in proteins.
What is the relative importance of the experimental procedure by Hershey and Chase?The relative importance of the experimental procedure by Hershey and Chase is based on the fact that they found which of these biomolecules (i.e. DNA or proteins) represents the genetic material in the organisms which is inherited across generations in order to shape the phenotypic features of the species. This experiment is based on the use of radioactive isotopes that were incorporated into the biomolecules.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the relative importance of the experimental procedure by Hershey and Chase is founded on the observation that DNA is the genetic material inherited across generations in order to shape traits.
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which part of the eye changes the shape of the lens
The part of the eye that changes the shape of the lens is controlled by the ciliary muscles inside the eye.
The ciliary muscle is a ring of smooth striated muscles present in the human eye. This muscle functions to keep the lens in place, to change the shape of the lens so that light can be focused on the retina, and to produce aqueous humor, which is the fluid that causes the eye to maintain its shape.
How the ciliary muscle works, when the eye looks at objects that are close up, the ciliary muscles of the eye will contract so that the lens will thicken (convex) to capture incoming light. The incoming light is then focused so that it falls right on the retina.
if the ciliary muscle is unable to contract, the eye will not accommodate when looking at objects that are far or near.
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what gas is required in order for photosynthesis to occur?
a. O2
b. H2O
c. CO2
d. OH2O
Answer:
CO2
Explanation:
The fossil record of birds is said to be incomplete. What is a possible reason for an incomplete fossil record?.
Due to the rarity of fossilisation, the fossil record is thought to be incomplete. The majority of living things die soon and scatter their remains.
What could be the reasons for incomplete fossil records?The fossil record is incomplete for numerous reasons. After dying, the majority of organisms decayed or were consumed by scavengers. Hard components, which are significantly more prone to fossilise, were absent from several species.
What presents the primary challenge for the fossil record?Due to the fact that many early forms of life had soft bodies and so left little fossils behind, there exist gaps in the fossil record. There may have been no remains left because of geological activity.
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How do psychiatrists assess patients?
Psychiatrists are medically trained professionals who help diagnose, treat, and prevent mental disorders.
A medical professional who practices psychiatry is known as a psychiatrist and psychiatry is that branch of medicine which majorly focuses on the diagnosis, prevention as well the treatment of a number of mental illnesses or disorders like anxiety disorders, bipolar disorders, depressive disorders, stress disorders etc.
A psychiatrist is a doctor who can perform mental as well as physical examinations on a patient. These examinations are very important to diagnose the disease and also for the prescription of personalized medicine to avoid any side effects. The psychiatrist provides treatment either in the form of non-medicinal assistance like counselling or through medications.
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What do you observe about these radios
Answer:
Radio observations can be used to extract information about the (sub)surface layers of planetary bodies. The temperature structure of the (sub)surface layers of airless bodies depends upon a balance between solar insolation, heat transport within the crust, and reradiation outward.
Explanation:
During what phase of mitosis do centromeres divide?
The sister chromatids of each chromosome begin dividing at the anaphase II stage and migrate to the ends of the cell.
Kinetochore microtubule shortening causes separation and migration.
Telophase II precedes Late II.
Anaphase II during meiosis is comparable to anaphase during mitosis. Centromeres appear as contractile regions of chromosomes and play an important role in helping cells break down their DNA during division (mitosis and meiosis). In particular, the area where the cell's spindle fibers attach.
The centromere divides during the late II stage of meiosis II. Thus, during meiosis II, the daughter cell's number of chromosomes remains the same as it was at the beginning of meiosis II or at the end of meiosis I, which is exactly half the number of chromosomes in the original parent and mother cells.
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Where does the second stage of cellular respiaration occur
Give an example of a common “parent-daughter” combination.
the passages is downs below
A common "parent-daughter" combination that geologists use is radioactive uranium and non-radioactive lead. As shown in the diagram above, uranium is trapped in a newly formed rock. As the rock ages, more and more of the uranium changes into lead.
The age of the rock in years can be found by measuring the rate at which a parent element decays and then measuring the ratio of parent element to daughter element in the rock. The ages in years of the different geological time periods are found by measuring the absolute ages of many rocks from all of the different periods. The absolute ages of some of the different geologic time periods are shown along the right side of the Staircase of Time.
The steps of the Staircase of Time are drawn to be almost the same size, so you might think that the time periods are the same length, but they are not. The absolute ages of rocks taken from the different time periods have shown that the time periods were of greatly differing lengths. Some were very short, like the Quaternary period (only 2 million years), while others were very long, like the Proterozoic Era (almost 2 billion years). According to absolute-age measurements, an accurate representation of the lengths of the major geologic time periods is shown in the time bar at right.
link: http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/ages.html
A common "parent-daughter" combination that geologists use is radioactive uranium and non-radioactive lead.
What is the "parent-daughter" combination about?The passage that is provided above is discussing a method used by geologists to determine the age of rocks. The method is based on the principle of radioactive decay, which is the process by which an unstable, or radioactive, element changes over time into a stable, or non-radioactive, element.
A common "parent-daughter" combination used by geologists is radioactive uranium (parent element) and non-radioactive lead (daughter element).
Therefore, the passage further explains that the age of different geological time periods can also be found by measuring the absolute ages of many rocks from all of the different periods.
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Proteins with all essential amino acids are found primarily in ______-based foods.
Meat, dairy products, nuts, and some grains and legumes are good sources of protein in your diet. Complete proteins can be found in meat and other animal products.
Which foods made of plants have all nine necessary amino acids?In East Asian cuisine, tofu, tempeh, and edamame are all products made from soybeans. Whole sources of protein include soybeans. In other words, they give your body all the critical amino acids it need.
Do mostly animal-based meals have proteins that contain all nine necessary amino acids?Complete proteins are those found in animal products like meat, eggs, and milk because they contain all the essential amino acids our bodies require. The highest-quality sources of protein are found in animal products.
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