Different breeds of dogs can have dramatic phenotype differences, but because they are all from the same species these different breeds would all have the same genotype as each other.a. Trueb. False

If the resulting offspring are self-pollinated, the percentage of offspring that will be white is 75%, (D).

If a homozygous dominant plant (WW) is crossed with a homozygous recessive plant (ww), all of the offspring will be heterozygous (Ww) because the dominant allele (W) will always be expressed in the phenotype.

When the resulting offspring are self-pollinated, the Punnett square shows that the genotype ratio of their offspring will be 1:2:1 (WW : Ww : ww) and the phenotype ratio will be 3:1 (white : orange).

Therefore, the percentage of offspring that will be white is 75%, or answer choice (D).

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A and E are Isometric contractions, while examples B, C, and D are Isotonic contractions.

To match the muscle movements as either Isometric contraction or Isotonic contraction. Here's the classification of each example:

A. Place your hand underneath the table. Push up on the table while keeping your arm straight - Isometric contraction.
B. Lay on your back on the floor. Pull your chest up to your knees (a sit-up) - Isotonic contraction.
C. Sit in a chair and place a ball between your feet. Slowly lift your feet into the air - Isotonic contraction.
D. Lie on your side on the floor and raise your upper leg towards the ceiling - Isotonic contraction.
E. Sit in a non-moveable chair and place your feet straight out in front of you against a solid object. Try to push away the desk - Isometric contraction.

To summarize, examples A and E are Isometric contractions, while examples B, C, and D are Isotonic contractions.

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The correct answer is iv. increased risk of fracture; spongy bone is critical for bone density and strength.

If a disease selectively targets spongy bone rather than compact bone, the individual would have an increased risk of fracture. Spongy bone, also known as trabecular bone, is the internal bone structure of the bone. Hematopoiesis, or blood cell formation, takes place in this area of the bon and the spongy bone is a lightweight yet tough type of bone. The bones are full of open spaces or "pores" that contain bone marrow. Compact bone is a dense type of bone that is responsible for the majority of the bone's strength and structure.

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During the S-phase(Synthetic Phase) of the meiotic cell cycle, the amount of DNA inside of the cell doubles through DNA replication.

In this phase, DNA replication occurs, resulting in the duplication of each chromosome and the formation of sister chromatids. This doubling ensures that there is enough genetic material for the subsequent meiotic divisions to produce haploid gametes. During the cell cycle's S phase, also known as synthesis, DNA that has been packaged into chromosomes is replicated. Due to the fact that replication enables each cell produced by cell division to have the same genetic make-up, this event is an essential component of the cell cycle. More than just chromosome replication takes place during the S phase. During the S phase, cell growth and the rate of synthesis of various DNA-synthesis-related proteins and enzymes continue. Once DNA replication is complete the cell contains twice its normal number of chromosomes and becomes ready to enter the phase called G2.

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During the S-phase of the meiotic cell cycle, the amount of DNA inside the cell doubles.

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The correct option is (d). The mother at ii-5 contributed only x chromosomes with the recessive allele to all of her children. The affected father at ii-4 contributed an x chromosome with the recessive allele to his daughter for disorder.

The expression of the disorder in individuals iii-4, iii-5, and iii-6 can be explained by the following statement: the mother at ii-5 contributed only x chromosomes with the recessive allele to all of her children. The affected father at ii-4 contributed an x chromosome with the recessive allele to his daughter.What is a chromosome?A chromosome is a thread-like structure that carries genetic material, i.e., DNA. This DNA has information about the development, functioning, and reproduction of living things.

What is a disorder?A disorder is a disease or an abnormal condition that affects the body. It may result from a genetic or non-genetic cause. It affects the normal functioning of the body.Explanation:As given in the question, the mother at ii-5 contributed only x chromosomes with the recessive allele to all of her children.

The affected father at ii-4 contributed an x chromosome with the recessive allele to his daughter. So, this statement explains the expression of the disorder in individuals iii-4, iii-5, and iii-6.

So, the correct option is (d). The mother at ii-5 contributed only x chromosomes with the recessive allele to all of her children.

The affected father at ii-4 contributed an x chromosome with the recessive allele to his daughter.

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If the sequence of an rna molecule is 5’-ggcaucgacg-3’, the sequence of the template strand of DNA is b. 3’-ccgatcgctg-5’

The sequence of the template strand of DNA can be determined by using the rules of complementary base pairing. In RNA, adenine pairs with uracil (instead of thymine), cytosine pairs with guanine, and vice versa. Therefore, to find the template strand of DNA, we need to replace uracil with thymine in the RNA sequence and then determine the complementary bases.

The given RNA sequence is 5’-ggcaucgacg-3’. Replacing uracil with thymine, we get 5’-ggcatcgacg-3’, to find the complementary bases, we need to pair adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine. Therefore, the template strand of DNA is 3’-ccgatcgctg-5’ (option B). In summary, the template strand of DNA for the given RNA sequence 5’-ggcaucgacg-3’ is 3’-ccgatcgctg-5’. This is because the RNA sequence is complementary to the DNA template strand, where adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine.

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The evidence overwhelmingly supports the Neutralists' viewpoint in the debate between Selectionists and Neutralists.

The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution proposes that the majority of genetic variation in a population is caused by random genetic drift, rather than by natural selection.

This theory is supported by multiple lines of evidence, including the observation that the majority of mutations are neutral or nearly neutral, and that the rate of molecular evolution appears to be largely independent of natural selection.

In contrast, the Selectionist viewpoint proposed that the majority of genetic variation was due to natural selection. However, the lack of evidence supporting this hypothesis, coupled with the abundance of evidence supporting the Neutral Theory, has led to the widespread acceptance of the Neutral Theory in the scientific community.

Overall, the evidence strongly supports the Neutralist viewpoint in the debate between Selectionists and Neutralists, and the Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution has become a cornerstone of modern evolutionary biology.

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If two heterozygous flowers with the dominant trait for large flowers are cross-pollinated, their offspring will have a 3:1 ratio of large flower to small flower traits.

This is because the dominant trait will mask the recessive trait in the heterozygous individuals, resulting in a genotype ratio of 1:2:1 for homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive genotypes, respectively.

However, all of the offspring will have at least one dominant allele for large flowers due to the dominant trait being present in both parental genotypes.

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The chronological order of evidence for the transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments is as follows:

1. Only aquatic organisms existed, with dry land devoid of signs of life while organisms diversified in the sea.
2. Microbial mats began to leave remains on land rocks.
3. The oldest fungi left behind fossil evidence on land.
4. Spores were embedded in plant tissues, indicating early land plants.
5. Early invertebrates, such as insects or spiders, left tracks on beach dunes.
6. The first fossil of a fully terrestrial animal surfaced.
7. A tetrapod left tracks that fossilized, showing the emergence of early four-legged land animals.

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The study of how two species of sparrows interact on an island would be considered a study at the level of community ecology. The correct answer is B.

Community ecology focuses on the interactions among different species within a given area or habitat.

It examines how different species coexist, compete, and interact with each other, as well as how these interactions shape the structure and dynamics of the community as a whole.

In this case, the scientist is specifically interested in understanding the interactions between the two species of sparrows on the island.

Population ecology, on the other hand, focuses on the study of individual species and their populations, including factors such as population size, density, distribution, and demographics.

While the study of the sparrows' interactions involves populations of the two species, it goes beyond the scope of studying just one species and delves into the interactions between them, thus placing it at the level of community ecology.

Therefore, the correct answer is B. community.

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Each chromosome contains one parental and one newly synthesized DNA strand during DNA replication, following the semi-conservative model (option a).

The semi-conservative model of DNA replication, proposed by Watson and Crick, accurately describes the process.

According to this model, during replication, each of the two parental DNA strands serves as a template for synthesizing a new, complementary DNA strand.

As a result, each daughter chromosome contains one parental DNA strand and one newly synthesized strand. This allows the genetic information to be accurately passed on to the next generation.

The other options (B, C, D, and E) do not accurately describe the structure of newly synthesized daughter chromosomes during DNA replication.

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Out of the options provided, the most important factor that can prevent chronic diseases to a great extent is adequate nutrition. Adequate nutrition is essential for maintaining a healthy body and preventing chronic diseases.

It provides the body with the necessary vitamins, minerals, and other essential nutrients that help to strengthen the immune system, protect against inflammation, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.

While whey protein, phytochemicals, meditation, and herbal remedies can all contribute to overall health and wellness, they are not as essential as adequate nutrition in preventing chronic diseases.

Therefore, it is important to ensure that you are consuming a balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrient-rich foods to promote good health and prevent chronic diseases.

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The given statement "FDR believed that businesses would be hurt by the loss of the NRA and would exert pressure for a new version of the NRA" is True.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) believed that the National Recovery Administration (NRA) had been successful in improving business conditions during the Great Depression by setting industry-wide codes for fair competition and labor standards.

However, the Supreme Court declared the NRA unconstitutional in 1935, and FDR did not pursue its reauthorization.

Instead, he believed that the loss of the NRA would cause businesses to suffer and eventually exert pressure for a new version of the NRA that would establish similar industry codes.

FDR's prediction was partially correct, as some industries did create voluntary codes of fair competition after the NRA's demise, but they were not as effective as the NRA's codes and did not have the same level of government support.

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From birth to death the microbiome of a human is relatively the same is true because the microbiome of a human undergoes significant changes throughout their life, influenced by various factors such as diet, medication use, environmental exposures, and aging.

The microbiome of a human undergoes significant changes throughout their life, influenced by various factors such as diet, medication use, environmental exposures, and aging.

The composition and diversity of the microbiome can vary widely from infancy to old age, and can also be impacted by disease or other health conditions.

Additionally, the microbiome can be affected by external factors such as antibiotics, which can disrupt the balance of microbial populations in the body.

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The correct option from the given image  is B) Are homozygous dominant

Homozygous dominant alludes to a hereditary condition where a person has two duplicates of the same overwhelming allele for a specific quality. This implies that both duplicates of the quality, one acquired from each parent, are the same and code for the prevailing characteristic.

For case, in the event that the overwhelming allele for a quality code for brown eyes, an individual who is homozygous prevailing for that quality would have two duplicates of the brown-eye allele and would have brown eyes.

This condition is additionally signified by two capitalized letters speaking to the overwhelming allele, such as "BB" for brown eyes.

Homozygous overwhelming people will continuously express the overwhelming characteristic, as both duplicates of the gene are prevailing and there's no passive allele display to cover the expression of the prevailing allele. 

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a. Capuchin monkeys may rub themselves with leaves to repel insects/parasites, mask their scent, or for self-maintenance.

b. Other primate species such as howler monkeys, spider monkeys, and woolly monkeys also engage in leaf rubbing behavior.

a. Leaf rubbing behavior in Capuchin monkeys has several potential benefits. One possible explanation is that it helps them repel insects or parasites, which may be present in their fur. Certain plants contain chemicals that are known to have insecticidal or anti-parasitic properties, and rubbing these leaves onto their fur may help Capuchin monkeys to protect themselves against these pests. Another potential benefit of leaf rubbing is that it could help to mask the monkeys' scent, making them less detectable to predators or prey.

b. Leaf rubbing behavior is not exclusive to Capuchin monkeys; other primate species also engage in this behavior. For example, some species of howler monkeys, spider monkeys, and woolly monkeys have been observed rubbing themselves with certain plant species. In some cases, the behavior may serve similar purposes to those mentioned for Capuchin monkeys, such as insect or parasite repulsion.

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The correct question is:

Capuchin monkeys live in central and south America. They live in social groups and they are noteworthy for their intelligence, specifically their tool use and social learning. They are omnivores, and feed on a vast range of foods. One seemingly peculiar behavior is leaf rubbing - Capuchin monkeys sometimes rub themselves with leaves from specific plant species.

Use the above observation to answer each of the following sections.

a. What benefit do the monkeys get from leaf rubbing?

b. Which other monkey species also do this type of behavior?

The two sugars from the pentose phosphate pathway that can be used in glycolysis are glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate.

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is an intermediate of glycolysis that can be converted into pyruvate, which enters the citric acid cycle to produce ATP. Fructose 6-phosphate can be converted into glucose 6-phosphate, which can then enter glycolysis as the starting point. The pentose phosphate pathway generates these sugars by converting glucose 6-phosphate into ribose 5-phosphate, which can then be converted into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. These sugars are important for energy production and biosynthesis in the cell.

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During anaerobic respiration, animal cells use NAD+ and NADH in glycolysis to generate energy in the absence of oxygen.

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADH (reduced form of NAD+) are important coenzymes involved in cellular respiration. During anaerobic respiration, which occurs in the absence of oxygen, animal cells rely on glycolysis to generate energy. Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate, which produces a small amount of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). NAD+ is involved in the initial step of glycolysis, where it accepts electrons from glucose and is converted to NADH.

The role of NADH is to carry the electrons to the electron transport chain, which is the process that produces ATP. However, in the absence of oxygen, the electron transport chain cannot function, and NADH accumulates in the cell. This is where NAD+ comes in. NAD+ is needed to keep the glycolytic pathway going by accepting electrons from NADH and converting it back to NAD+. This allows glycolysis to continue, producing a small amount of ATP, which is crucial for cells to maintain their basic functions.

In summary, during anaerobic respiration, animal cells use NAD+ and NADH in glycolysis to generate energy in the absence of oxygen. NAD+ is involved in the initial step of glycolysis, accepting electrons from glucose, while NADH carries the electrons to the electron transport chain to produce ATP. However, in the absence of oxygen, NAD+ is needed to keep glycolysis going by accepting electrons from NADH and converting it back to NAD+. This allows animal cells to maintain their basic functions even in the absence of oxygen.

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Stock size is commonly estimated by:

A. Scientific surveys of fish populations

B. Theoretical estimates alone (less common)

D. Landings by fishers

E. Mark-recapture studies

Stock size, or the abundance of fish in a population, can be estimated by various methods. Some common methods include:

A. Scientific surveys of fish populations: These surveys involve sampling fish populations in a particular area and using statistical methods to estimate the size of the population.

B. Theoretical estimates alone: These estimates are based on mathematical models that incorporate factors such as growth rates, mortality, and reproduction rates

C. Predictions from phytoplankton population size: Phytoplankton are microscopic plants that form the base of many aquatic food webs. Predictions of fish stock size can be made based on the abundance of phytoplankton in the water.

D. Landings by fishers: The amount of fish caught by commercial or recreational fishers can be used to estimate the size of the population, although this method has limitations.

E. Mark-recapture studies: This method involves tagging a sample of fish, releasing them back into the population, and then recapturing some of them later. The proportion of tagged fish in the recapture sample is used to estimate the size of the population.

F. Counting every fish in the population: This method is rarely feasible, especially for large populations or species that live in vast or remote areas. However, it can be used in small-scale research or conservation projects

Therefore, the correct options are A, B, D, and E.

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Birds require a lot of food in order to grow from a fledgling to an adult.

Birds require a lot of food, particularly during the developmental stage of their life cycle, in order to grow from a fledgling to an adult. During this crucial period, the energy demands are high as they undergo rapid growth and development of their muscles, feathers, and other body systems. Adequate nutrition helps them gain strength and endurance, develop flight and foraging skills, and eventually, reach sexual maturity.

An insufficient food supply can lead to stunted growth, reduced chances of survival, and lower reproductive success in adulthood. A balanced diet that provides all the necessary nutrients is essential for birds to thrive and fulfill their ecological roles in their respective habitats.

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As compared to SO muscle fibers, all of the following are correct about FG muscle fibers except d) They have a lower recruitment threshold.

As compared to SO muscle fibers, all of the following are correct about FG muscle fibers except d) They have a lower recruitment threshold. Fast Glycolytic (FG) muscle fibers have high myosin ATPase activity, low mitochondrial and capillary density, and are innervated by large motor neurons. These fibers are designed for short, powerful bursts of energy and fatigue more quickly than slower-twitch oxidative fibers. They are used for activities such as weightlifting or sprinting.

However, FG fibers have a higher recruitment threshold, meaning they are not recruited until the activity requires high force output or maximal efforts. Slow-twitch oxidative fibers (SO), on the other hand, have a higher capillary and mitochondrial density, are innervated by smaller motor neurons, and have a lower myosin ATPase activity. They are designed for endurance activities and are fatigue-resistant.

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If a drug interacts with baroreceptors, causing them to increase their firing rate, the most likely result would be an increase in blood pressure.

If a drug interacts with baroreceptors, causing them to increase their firing rate, the most likely result would be an increase in blood pressure (option C). Baroreceptors are specialized sensory receptors that are located in the walls of certain blood vessels and in the heart. They detect changes in blood pressure and send signals to the brain to regulate it. By increasing their firing rate, the drug would stimulate the baroreceptors to send stronger signals to the brain, which would then activate mechanisms to increase blood pressure. This could involve increasing heart rate, constricting blood vessels, and increasing the force of heart contractions. However, it's important to note that this hypothetical drug would not be protective against hemorrhage (option A) because hemorrhage involves a loss of blood volume, which would not be affected by the drug's action on baroreceptors. It's also unlikely that the drug would lower blood pressure (option E) because its mechanism of action would be to increase it.

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The process of protein synthesis, a polypeptide—a group of amino acids—is created. Transcription and translation are the two fundamental processes that take place during protein synthesis in cells

. The DNA sequence of a gene is converted into a messenger RNA (mRNA), a complementary RNA molecule, during transcription. The translation process uses the mRNA as a template to assemble the amino acids into a polypeptide chain. The correct amino acids are delivered to the ribosomes by transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, where they are linked together in accordance with the arrangement of codons on the mRNA. In the end, this procedure results in the creation of a functioning protein made up of one or more polypeptides.

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Answer:

Cystic Fibrosis

Explanation:

Advances in technology have dramatically changed our understanding and treatment of complex diseases such as cancer. Microarrays can be used to monitor RNA expression levels of thousands of genes in virtually any cell population. By comparing patterns in normal and diseased tissues, scientists can determine which genes are active or inactive under various circumstances.

Whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing has led to the development of new technologies, such as genome-wide association studies. These technologies allow for the discovery of mutations that might be associated with certain diseases. Personal genomics allow for screening of individuals to help assess the risk of developing a disease or the potential efficacy of a treatment plan.

Microarrays, whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing, and personal genomics are dramatically changing our understanding and treatment of complex diseases such as cancer. Microarrays can be used to monitor RNA expression levels of thousands of genes in virtually any cell population. By comparing patterns in normal and diseased tissues, scientists can determine which genes are active or inactive under various circumstances.

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The focus of Kera's study is nutrient cycling. This is because she is investigating how the nitrogen runoff from organic fertilizers used in cornfields is affecting the local streams and lakes.

Nitrogen is an important nutrient for plant growth, but too much of it in water bodies can lead to harmful algal blooms and other negative impacts on aquatic life.

Nutrient cycling is the process by which nutrients like nitrogen are taken up by plants, recycled through the ecosystem, and eventually returned to the soil. When excess nitrogen enters water bodies, it disrupts this natural cycle and can cause ecological imbalances.

Therefore, Kera's research is focused on understanding how organic farming practices may impact nutrient cycling in local ecosystems and help identify potential solutions to reduce nitrogen runoff and protect the health of aquatic environments .

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The transcript is most certainly larger than the other versions during alternative splicing that undergoes intron retention. The correct option is A.

Alternative splicing is a process that produces different transcripts from a single gene by selectively including or excluding exons or introns. Intron retention is one of the alternative splicing mechanisms in which a pre-mRNA transcript retains one or more introns, resulting in an elongated transcript.

The retained introns are typically located towards the 5' or 3' end of the transcript. Alternative promoters and PIC exclusivity are other alternative splicing mechanisms that can produce different transcripts, but they do not necessarily result in larger transcripts.

Therefore, the transcript is most certainly larger than the other versions during alternative splicing that undergoes intron retention. Correct option is A.

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In the given statement, Nitrogen from protein is eliminated as urea compound in animals.

The nitrogen from protein is eliminated in animals mainly as urea, which is a waste product formed in the liver through a series of biochemical reactions that convert ammonia into a less toxic compound. Urea is then transported via the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is filtered out and eliminated from the body through urine. However, in some animals, such as fish, ammonia is the primary form of nitrogenous waste, and it is excreted directly into the surrounding water. Pyrimidine is not directly involved in the elimination of nitrogen from protein in animals. Therefore, the correct answer is option B) urea. In summary, the elimination of nitrogen from protein in animals involves the conversion of ammonia into urea, which is then eliminated through urine.

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Cells migrate from one place to another during gastrulation using a process called cell migration or cell movement.

This is driven by various molecular mechanisms, including changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal dynamics, and signaling pathways. Some specific mechanisms involved in cell migration during gastrulation include epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in which cells lose their epithelial characteristics and acquire mesenchymal properties, and chemotaxis, in which cells follow gradients of signaling molecules to reach their destination. The specific mechanisms involved in cell migration can vary depending on the type of cells and tissues involved.

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Inhibitors of bacterial translation, such as chloramphenicol and erythromycin, usually:

Bacterial translation is the process by which ribosomes in bacteria synthesize proteins using messenger RNA (mRNA) as a template, which involves the decoding of genetic information from DNA into a sequence of amino acids that form the primary structure of a protein. It consists of three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.

During initiation, the ribosome assembles on the mRNA molecule and identifies the start codon, which codes for the first amino acid of the protein.

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