If a known amount of the weak acid was stoichiometrically titrated with a solution of NaOH
at a known concentration, it would be possible to isolate the sample as a pure sodium salt. What physical process would allow you to isolate this salt after the acid-base titration occurs in solution?
Spell out the full name of the physical process.

Answer:

Protons - 11

Neutrons - 12

Electrons - 11

Step-by-step:

An atom of sodium-23 (Na-23) has a net charge of 0 because it is a neutral atom.

To determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in Na-23, we can use its atomic number and mass number. The atomic number of sodium is 11, which means that a neutral sodium atom has 11 protons in its nucleus. The mass number of Na-23 is 23, which means that its nucleus contains 23 particles (protons and neutrons) in total.

To find the number of neutrons in Na-23, we can subtract the number of protons (which is 11) from the mass number (which is 23). Therefore, Na-23 has 23 - 11 = 12 neutrons.

Since Na-23 is a neutral atom, the number of electrons must also be 11. This is because in a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons.

So to summarize, the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in Na-23 are 11, 12, and 11, respectively. We determined the number of protons and electrons from the atomic number of sodium (which is 11), and the number of neutrons from the difference between the mass number (which is 23) and the atomic number (which is also 11).

Hope this helps!

0.238 moles of NaN₃ are produced from 9.98 grams of N₂.

The moles of he mass of NaN₃ produced

The balanced equation for the reaction is:

2 NaN₃ → 2 Na + 3 N₂

The molar ratio between NaN₃ and N₂ is 2:3, which means that for every 2 moles of NaN₃, 3 moles of N₂ are produced.

The mole ratio is used to determine how many moles of NaN₃ are produced from 9.98 grams of N₂.

First, we need to convert the mass of N₂ to moles:

moles of N₂ = mass of N2 / molar mass of N₂

moles of N₂ = 9.98 g / 28.02 g/mol

moles of N₂ = 0.356 mol

moles of NaN₃ = (2/3) * moles of N₂

moles of NaN₃ = (2/3) * 0.356 mol

moles of NaN₃ = 0.238 mol

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We need 25.5 g of KCl and 274.5 g of water to make 300. g of 8.50% KCl solution.

To find the masses of potassium chloride (KCl) and water needed, we need to use the concentration of the solution and the total mass of the solution.

We need to find the mass of KCl in the solution. We know that the solution is 8.50% KCl by mass, so:

mass of KCl = 8.50% x 300. g = 25.5 g

We can find the mass of water in the solution by subtracting the mass of KCl from the total mass of the solution:

mass of water = 300. g - 25.5 g = 274.5 g

To create 300 g of 8.50% KCl solution, we need 25.5 g of KCl and 274.5 g of water.

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The law of conservation of mass states that in a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products. An experiment involving the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate ([tex]CaCO_3[/tex]) can provide evidence for this law.

Method:

A sample of calcium carbonate is heated strongly in a crucible or test tube, causing it to decompose into calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide ([tex]CO_2[/tex]) gases. The reaction can be represented by the following chemical equation:

[tex]CaCO_3(s) = CaO(s) + CO_2(g)[/tex]

Measurements:

The mass of the empty crucible or test tube is first measured and recorded. A known mass of calcium carbonate is added to the crucible or test tube, and the combined mass is measured and recorded. The crucible or test tube containing the calcium carbonate is then heated strongly, and the mass of the products (calcium oxide and carbon dioxide) is measured and recorded.

Evidence for conservation of mass:

If the law of conservation of mass is true, the total mass of the products should be equal to the total mass of the reactants. In this experiment, the mass of the calcium oxide and carbon dioxide produced should add up to the mass of the calcium carbonate that was originally used.

To show evidence for the conservation of mass, the student could calculate the mass of the products by subtracting the mass of the empty crucible or test tube and the mass of the remaining calcium oxide (if any) from the combined mass of the crucible or test tube and the calcium carbonate.

If the calculated mass of the products is equal to the mass of the reactants, then the law of conservation of mass has been demonstrated.

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Yes, the waxed paper does affect how the light hits the screen. Waxed paper is a translucent material that diffuses light as it passes through.

When light passes through the waxed paper, it scatters in various directions due to the irregularities and texture of the paper's surface. This scattering of light results in a blurry white image on a gray background when the photograph is taken.

Compared to plastic, which is typically more transparent and smooth, waxed paper has a rougher surface and contains wax coatings that further contribute to light scattering. This diffusion of light reduces the sharpness and clarity of the image projected onto the screen.

The scattered light rays create a more diffused and less defined image, leading to a blurry appearance in the photograph.Therefore, the use of waxed paper instead of plastic alters the behavior of light, causing the light to scatter and resulting in a blurry white image on a gray background when projected onto the screen.

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Answer:  2.73 g PbSO4

Explanation:

1) solvefor moles Pb(no3)2

0.10 M X 0.09 L =0.009 moles Pb(NO3)2

2) stoichiometry from balanced chemical equation

___Pb(NO3)2 + ___H2SO4--->   PbSO4 +  ___2 HNO3

0.009 moles Pb(NO3)2 X (1 mole PbSO4 / 1 mole Pb(NO3)2) X (303.2516 g PBSO4/ 1mole PbSO4) = 2.73 g PbSO4

A sp² hybrid orbital on C-1 overlaps with a sp hybrid orbital on C-2 to form the sigma bond between C-1 and C-2. This statement regarding the skeletal structure of the organic molecule true. The correct option is option A.

In general, molecules containing carbon (C) are referred to as organic compounds. Carbon atoms serve as the primary structural framework for the enormous diversity of naturally occurring compounds. Organic substances play a critical role in the existence of all life forms on Earth (and perhaps elsewhere in the universe). A sp² hybrid orbital on C-1 overlaps with a sp hybrid orbital on C-2 to form the sigma bond between C-1 and C-2.

Therefore, the correct option is option A.

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Answer: The values you provided show that as the current (measured in amps) and voltage (measured in volts) increase, the resistance (measured in ohms) remains relatively constant.

Looking at the values, it appears that the current (in amps) divided by the voltage (in volts) yields resistance values (in ohms) that are relatively close to each other. The calculated resistance values range from approximately 27 ohms to 33 ohms, with some variation in between.

The system will react by changing the concentrations to restore equilibrium when the CO and CO2 concentrations in the chemical equation 2CO + O2 2CO2 are raised. The system will try to reduce the rise in CO and CO2 by moving the reaction towards the products side, in accordance with Le Chatelier's concept.

The reaction will go forward as the CO concentration rises, eating part of the extra CO and turning it into CO2. This change lowers the excess CO concentration and aids in reestablishing equilibrium.

However, since CO2 is already a product, its concentration does not have a direct impact on the reaction. However, to keep the stoichiometric balance, it can result in a somewhat greater concentration of CO.

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The orbital diagram of the compound has been shown in the  image attached.

The configuration of the molecular orbitals (MOs) within a molecule is shown in an orbital diagram of the molecule. Atomic orbitals from different molecules' individual atoms overlap to create molecular orbitals. According to the rules of quantum physics, electrons can fill these molecular orbitals.

Each chemical orbital is depicted in an orbital diagram by a line or a box, and the electrons are shown as arrows. The arrow's direction—upward for "spin up" and downward for "spin down"—indicates the spin of the electron.

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The specific equation depends on the isomer and the oxidizing agent used. An example of a general oxidation reaction could be:

C₃H₇OH + [O] → C₃H₆O + H₂O

Common oxidizing agents for organic compounds include potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), or hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂).

Whether or not the product needs to be removed from the reaction vessel depends on the specific reaction and its desired outcome. In some cases, the product may be of interest for further reactions or analysis, and therefore, it would be retained in the reaction vessel.

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If 3 moles of cl reacts with 3 moles oxygen, there is no limiting reactant or excess reactant because the reactants are in stoichiometric proportions.

To determine the limiting reactant and excess reactant, we need to compare the stoichiometry of the reaction to the given amounts of each reactant.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between chlorine (Cl2) and oxygen (O2) can be represented as follows:

2Cl2 + O2 → 2Cl2O

According to the balanced equation, it requires 2 moles of chlorine (Cl2) to react with 1 mole of oxygen (O2) to produce 2 moles of chlorine oxide (Cl2O).

Given that we have 3 moles of chlorine (Cl2) and 3 moles of oxygen (O2), we can determine the limiting reactant by comparing the ratio of moles between the two reactants.

The ratio of Cl2 to O2 required for complete reaction is 2:1. However, since we have equal amounts of Cl2 and O2 (both 3 moles), neither reactant is present in excess.

Therefore, in this scenario, there is no limiting reactant or excess reactant because the reactants are in stoichiometric proportions. All of the chlorine and oxygen will be consumed in the reaction, resulting in the complete conversion to chlorine oxide (Cl2O).

It's important to note that if the amounts of Cl2 and O2 were different, the reactant present in lesser quantity would be the limiting reactant, and the reactant in greater quantity would be the excess reactant.

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The law of conservation of mass states that in a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products. To provide evidence for this law, we can perform an experiment in which calcium carbonate ([tex]CaCO_3[/tex]) is decomposed to produce calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide ([tex]CO_2[/tex] ), and then measure the masses of the reactants and products.

Method:

Weigh a sample of [tex]CaCO_3[/tex] using a balance.

Heat the [tex]CaCO_3[/tex] in a crucible until it decomposes to CaO and [tex]CO_2[/tex]. The [tex]CO_2[/tex] gas will escape, leaving only CaO in the crucible.

Allow the crucible to cool and then weigh it again to determine the mass of the CaO produced.

Collect the [tex]CO_2[/tex] gas that is released during the reaction in a gas syringe or other collection device. Measure the volume of [tex]CO_2[/tex] gas produced, and calculate its mass using its molecular weight.

Which measurements should be taken:

The following measurements should be taken:

The mass of the [tex]CaCO_3[/tex] used as a reactant.

The mass of the CaO produced as a product.

The volume of [tex]CO_2[/tex] gas produced during the reaction.

The temperature and pressure of the [tex]CO_2[/tex] gas to allow for the calculation of its mass.

How the student could show evidence for the conservation of mass:

To show evidence for the law of conservation of mass, the student can compare the mass of the [tex]CaCO_3[/tex] used as a reactant to the total mass of the products, which includes the mass of CaO produced and the mass of [tex]CO_2[/tex] gas released.

The sum of the masses of CaO and [tex]CO_2[/tex] should be equal to the mass of the [tex]CaCO_3[/tex] used as a reactant, within experimental error. This will provide evidence that the mass of the reactants is conserved and equals the mass of the products, as required by the law of conservation of mass.

Additionally, the student could calculate the theoretical yield of CaO and CO2 based on the balanced equation for the reaction, and compare this to the actual yield obtained from the experiment. Any difference between the theoretical and actual yields could be due to experimental error, but the comparison can still provide additional evidence for the conservation of mass.

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Answer:

[tex]C_{2}H_{2}S[/tex]

The masses, moles, and number of molecules are as follows:

1. c. 1.4 x 10²⁴

2. b. 4.214 x 10²³ molecules

3. a. 1.2 x 10²²

4. a. 5.9 x 10²³

5. c. 8.0 x 10²³

6. d. 185.3 grams.

7.  a. 23.7 grams

8. c. 127.3 grams

9. No answer in the option

10. a. 2.9 grams

To determine the number of molecules in 265 grams of FeF₃:

First, calculate the number of moles of FeF₃:

moles = mass / molar mass

moles = 265 g / 139.839 g/mol

moles = 1.8939 mol

number of molecules = moles * Avogadro's number

number of molecules = 1.8939 mol * 6.022 x 10²³ molecules/mol

number of molecules = 1.138 x 10²⁴ molecules

2. To determine the number of molecules in 98 grams of FeF₃:

moles = 98 g / 139.839 g/mol = 0.7001 mol

number of molecules = 0.7001 mol * 6.022 x 10²³ molecules/mol

number of molecules = 4.214 x 10²³ molecules

3. To determine the number of atoms in 6.2 grams of silver:

moles = 6.2 g / 107.8682 g/mol = 0.0574 mol

number of atoms = 0.0574 mol * 6.022 x 10²³ atoms/mol

number of atoms = 3.457 x 10²² atoms

4. To determine the number of atoms in 54.2 grams of Manganese:

moles = 54.2 g / 54.938045 g/mol = 0.9876 mol

number of atoms = 0.9876 mol * 6.022 x 10²³ atoms/mol

number of atoms = 5.947 x 10²³ atoms

5. To determine the number of molecules in 250 grams of Cu(NO₃)₂:

moles = 250 g / (63.546 g/mol + 2 * 14.007 g/mol + 6 * 16.00 g/mol) = 250 g / 187.56 g/mol = 1.333 mol

number of molecules = 1.333 mol * 6.022 x 10^23 molecules/mol

number of molecules = 8.027 x 10^23 molecules

6. To determine the mass in grams of 6.2 x 10²⁴ molecules of water:

moles = (6.2 x 10²⁴ molecules) / (6.022 x 10²³ molecules/mol)

moles = 10.29 mol

mass = moles * molar mass

mass = 10.29 mol * 18.00 g/mol)

mass = 185.3 grams

7. To determine the mass in grams of 2.3 x 10²³ molecules of NO₃:

moles = (2.3 x 10²³ molecules) / (6.022 x 10²³ molecules/mol)

moles = 0.382 mol

mass = moles * molar mass

mass = 0.382 mol * (14.007 g/mol + 3 * 16.00 g/mol) = 23.7 grams

8. To determine the mass in grams of 9.7 x 10²³ atoms of selenium:

moles = (9.7 x 10²³ atoms) / (6.022 x 10²³ atoms/mol)

moles = 1.61 mol

mass = moles * molar mass

mass = 1.61 mol * 78.9718 g/mol = 127.3 grams

9. To determine the mass in grams of 3.4 x 10²⁴ atoms of osmium:

moles = (3.4 x 10²⁴ atoms) / (6.022 x 10²³ atoms/mol)

moles = 5.64 mol

mass = moles * molar mass

mass = 5.64 mol * 190.23 g/mol

mass = 1074.8 grams

10. To determine the mass in grams of 11 x 10²² molecules of oxygen:

moles = (11 x 10^22 molecules) / (6.022 x 10²³ molecules/mol)

moles = 0.182 mol

mass = moles * molar mass

mass = 0.182 mol * 16.00 g/mol

mass = 2.9 grams

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The price of the ingot in South African Rand (SAR) is 19,533,171.507 R.

To calculate the price of the ingot in South African Rand (SAR), we need to follow these steps:

Convert the dimensions of the ingot to cm³:

Length = 23.7 cm

Width = 75.5 mm = 7.55 cm

Height = 10.9 cm

The volume of the ingot is calculated by multiplying these dimensions:

Volume = Length × Width × Height

= 23.7 cm × 7.55 cm × 10.9 cm

= 1830.0475 cm³

Calculate the weight of the ingot in grams:

Since 1 cm³ of gold weighs 19.30 g, we can multiply the volume of the ingot by this conversion factor to obtain the weight:

Weight = Volume × 19.30 g

= 1830.0475 cm³ × 19.30 g

= 35,380.1375 g

Convert the weight of the ingot to ounces:

Since 1 ounce is equal to 28.35 g, we can divide the weight of the ingot by this conversion factor:

Weight in ounces = Weight / 28.35 g

= 35,380.1375 g / 28.35 g

= 1247.0461 ounces

Calculate the price of the ingot in USD:

The current price of gold is $1629.8 per ounce, so we can multiply the weight of the ingot in ounces by this price:

Price in USD = Weight in ounces × Price per ounce

= 1247.0461 ounces × $1629.8/ounce

= $2,032,881.72278

Convert the price from USD to SAR:

The exchange rate is 9.6 R/$, so we can multiply the price in USD by this exchange rate:

Price in ZAR = Price in USD × Exchange rate = $2,032,881.72278 × 9.6 R/$ = 19,533,171.507 R

Therefore, the price of the ingot in South African Rand (SAR) is approximately 19,533,171.507 R.

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One liquid substance that could be used in the laboratory for dissolving dry mortar on floor tiles is hydrochloric acid (HCl). Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid commonly used in laboratories for various purposes, including cleaning and dissolving mineral deposits.

When dry mortar, which is primarily composed of cement, hardens on floor tiles, it can be challenging to remove using traditional cleaning methods. However, hydrochloric acid can effectively dissolve and break down the cementitious components of the mortar.

It is important to note that when using hydrochloric acid, proper safety precautions should be followed, such as wearing protective gloves, goggles, and working in a well-ventilated area.

Additionally, it is crucial to dilute the hydrochloric acid to an appropriate concentration for the specific task, as using it undiluted can cause damage to the tiles or other surfaces.

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Answer:

Energy

4p ⇵ ⇵ ⇵

3d ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵

4s ⇵

3p ⇵ ⇵ ⇵

3s ⇵

2p ⇵ ⇵ ⇵

2s ⇵

1s  ⇵

Answer: the temperature would increase

Explanation:

because if one spot on the earth got the same amount of light through the summer and winter it would have a severe amount of drought and nothing to cool it down since all off it evaperated

To create 100 mL of solution with a concentration of 1.5 M, 6.00 grams of NaOH are required.

The amount of NaOH needed to make 100. mL of solution with a concentration of 1.5 M can be calculated using the formula:

mass = molarity x volume x molar mass

where:

molarity = 1.5 M (given)

volume = 100. mL = 0.1 L (given)

molar mass of NaOH = 40.00 g/mol (from periodic table)

Substituting the values, we get:

mass = 1.5 mol/L x 0.1 L x 40.00 g/mol

mass = 6.00 g

Therefore, 6.00 grams of NaOH are needed to make 100. mL of solution with a concentration of 1.5 M.

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The statement that is best supported by the data shown is this: C) Topaz is harder than a steel file.

The best supporting statement is the one that shows that Topaz has a higher hardness rating when compared to a steel file.

In the depiction, Topaz is shown as having a hardness rating of 8 while the steel file has an approximate hardness of 6.5. So, the right conclusion to reach is that Topaz is harder than a steel file.

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Answer:

Explanation:

H+ = 1 X 10^-7.41 = 3.89 X 10^ -8

POH = 14-7.41 = 6.59

OH- = 1 x 10 ^-6.59 = 2.57 X 10^ -7

The [H+] and [OH−] concentrations of the solution are approximately 2.38 × 10^(-7) M, and the pOH is 6.59.

The pH of a solution is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions ([H+]) in the solution. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with a pH of 7 considered neutral. A pH of 7.41 indicates that the solution is slightly basic. To calculate the [H+], [OH−], and pOH of the solution, we can use the relationship:

pH + pOH = 14

Given that the pH is 7.41, we can subtract it from 14 to find the pOH:

pOH = 14 - 7.41 = 6.59

Since pH + pOH = 14, we can also determine the [OH−] by taking the antilogarithm of the pOH value:

[OH−] = 10^(-pOH)

[OH−] = 10^(-6.59)

[OH−] ≈ 2.38 × 10^(-7) M

Since the solution is neutral, the concentration of [H+] will be equal to the concentration of [OH−]:

[H+] = [OH−] ≈ 2.38 × 10^(-7) M

Therefore, the [H+] and [OH−] concentrations of the solution are approximately 2.38 × 10^(-7) M, and the pOH is 6.59.

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Based on the indicator chart, the pH indicator that would be the best one to use would be Thymol Blue.

The color change would be from light blue to yellow to orange.

Thymol blue would be best because it would show you where your starting point is and then when you reach the desired pH value of 3. 0. Looking at the indicator chart, Thymol blue has a color of light blue between 8. 0 and 9. 0 so you will know you are at 8. 0 when the reaction starts.

As you add more acid, the color would move to yellow to let you know that it is getting more acidic. Once it reaches orange, the titration should stop.

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Answer:

copper cu++

carbonate co3--

reaction=cuco3

When, the volume of the system was 2.60 L. Then, the total internal energy change is -71.8 kJ.

We can use the first law of thermodynamics to find the total internal energy change;

[tex]Δ_{E}[/tex] = q + w

where q is the heat transferred to or from the system and w is the work done on or by the system. At constant pressure, work done is given by;

w = -P[tex]Δ_{V}[/tex]

where P is pressure and [tex]Δ_{V}[/tex] is change in volume.

Using the given values, we have:

q = -71.8 kJ (since heat is released)

P = 35.0 atm = 3.56×10⁶ Pa (using the conversion factor 1 atm = 101325 Pa)

[tex]Δ_{V}[/tex] = 7.00 L - 2.60 L = 4.40 L = 4.40×10⁻³ m³ (using the conversion factor 1 L = 10⁻³ m³)

Therefore,

w = -P[tex]Δ_{V}[/tex]= -(3.56×10⁶ Pa)(4.40×10⁻³ m³) = -15.7 J

= -1.57×10⁻² kJ

Thus, the total internal energy change is;

[tex]Δ_{E}[/tex] = q + w = (-71.8 kJ) + (-1.57×10⁻² kJ)

= -71.8 kJ - 1.57×10⁻² kJ

= -71.8 kJ

Therefore, the total internal energy change is -71.8 kJ.

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The temperature of the oxygen gas sample is 609 K, which is approximately 336°C or 637°F. The answer is A.

We can use the ideal gas law equation, PV = nRT, to solve for the temperature of the oxygen gas sample.

First, we need to calculate the number of moles of oxygen gas present in the sample using its mass and molar mass:

n = m/M

where:

n = number of moles

m = mass (in grams)

M = molar mass (in g/mol)

The molar mass of oxygen gas (O2) is 32.00 g/mol.

n = 48 g / 32.00 g/mol = 1.50 mol

Next, we can rearrange the ideal gas law equation to solve for temperature (T):

T = (PV) / (nR)

where:

T = temperature (in Kelvin)

P = pressure (in atm)

V = volume (in liters)

n = number of moles

R = gas constant (0.0821 L atm/mol K)

Plugging in the given values, we get:

T = (3.0 atm x 25 L) / (1.50 mol x 0.0821 L atm/mol K)

T = 609 K

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In forming the Al³⁺ ion, the Al atom loses the electrons in its outermost energy level, causing a decrease in the atomic radius, hence option A is correct.

The number of protons in the nucleus of AlandAl3+ AlandAl3+ is the same, however there are differing numbers of electrons in the final shell. Al³⁺ is smaller than Al because it has fewer electrons.

The Al atom will become an Al³⁺ ion when it loses its third electron and develops a tri-positive charge on it. In forming the Al³⁺ ion, the Al atom loses the electrons in its outermost energy level, causing a decrease in the atomic radius.

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The energy associated with the formation of 2.55 g of 4He by the fusion of 3H and 1H is -2.982 x 10⁻¹⁰ J.

The given masses of the isotopes can be converted to kilograms using the conversion factor: 1 u = 1.661 x 10⁻²⁷ kg.

Mass of 4He = 2.55 g = 2.55 x 10⁻³ kg

Mass of 3H = 3.01605 u = 3.01605 x 1.661 x 10⁻²⁷ kg/u

= 5.0099 x 10⁻²⁷ kg

Mass of 1H = 1.00783 u = 1.00783 x 1.661 x 10⁻²⁷ kg/u

= 1.6737 x 10⁻²⁷ kg

The balanced equation for the fusion reaction is;

3H + 1H → 4He

The molar mass of 4He is 4.0026 g/mol, which can be converted to kg/mol using the conversion factor: 1 g/mol = 1 x 10⁻³ kg/mol.

Molar mass of 4He = 4.0026 g/mol = 4.0026 x 10⁻³ kg/mol

The number of moles of 4He formed can be calculated from its mass;

n(4He) = m(4He) / M(4He)

= 2.55 x 10⁻³ kg / 4.0026 x 10⁻³ kg/mol

= 0.638 mol

From the balanced equation, 3 moles of H atoms react with 1 mole of He atoms to form 1 mole of He atoms. Therefore, the number of moles of H atoms required for the reaction is;

n(H) = 3/4 x n(4He)

= 3/4 x 0.638 mol

= 0.479 mol

The energy released in the reaction can be calculated using the mass-energy equivalence equation;

E = Δm c²

where Δm is change in mass, c is the speed of light.

The change in mass is;

Δm = [3H + 1H - 4He] = [5.0099 x 10⁻²⁷ kg + 1.6737 x 10⁻²⁷kg - 4.0026 x 10⁻³ kg]

= -3.315 x 10⁻²⁷ kg (negative because mass is lost in the reaction)

The energy released is;

E = (-3.315 x 10⁻²⁷ kg) c²

= (-3.315 x 10⁻²⁷ kg) (2.998 x 10⁸ m/s)²

= -2.982 x 10⁻¹⁰ J

The negative sign indicates that energy is released in the reaction (exothermic reaction).

Therefore, the energy associated is -2.982 x 10⁻¹⁰ J.

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(a) Element C (2,8,8) is unlikely to react with the others.

(b) Elements D (2,8,7) and E (2,8,3) will likely react to form covalent compounds.

(c) Elements A (2,8,2) and B (2,8,6) will likely react to form ionic solids.

(a) It has a complete outer electron shell (valence shell) with eight electrons, fulfilling the octet rule. This stable configuration makes element C less likely to undergo chemical reactions and form compounds.

(b) Covalent compounds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, typically nonmetals. Both D and E have incomplete outer electron shells and can form covalent bonds by sharing electrons with other elements.

(c) Ionic compounds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, typically between metals and nonmetals. When A and B form ionic solids, they will achieve a stable electron configuration by losing or gaining electrons, respectively.

Element A would lose two electrons to achieve a stable configuration, resulting in a valency of +2. Element B would gain two electrons, resulting in a valency of -2.

The weakest bond among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds is the hydrogen bond. Hydrogen bonds are relatively weaker than ionic and covalent bonds. They occur when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge interacts with an electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, with a partial negative charge.

Hydrogen bonds are important in various biological and chemical processes, but they are weaker compared to the strong bonds formed in ionic and covalent compounds.

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