in a graph showing the short-run cost curves, the one curve which declines continuously as we expand output is called

Global standardization refers to a global marketing strategy that uses the same marketing strategy and mix in all of the company's international markets.

Global standardization is an approach to international marketing where a company develops and implements a standardized marketing strategy and mix across all its international markets. It involves treating the global market as a homogeneous entity and assuming that customers' needs, preferences, and behaviors are similar across countries.

The idea behind global standardization is to achieve economies of scale and cost efficiencies by leveraging a consistent marketing approach worldwide. This strategy assumes that the company's products or services, as well as its marketing messages, can be universally applicable and do not require significant customization for different markets.

By implementing global standardization, companies can benefit from streamlined operations, lower marketing costs, and consistent brand image and positioning across borders. It allows for the replication of successful marketing strategies and campaigns across multiple markets, simplifying decision-making and reducing the need for extensive market research and adaptation

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True. If a contract's terms explicitly require that any modifications be made in writing, then oral modifications are considered inadmissible and unenforceable.

This is because the written contract provision, often called a "no oral modification" clause, dictates the agreed-upon procedure for making changes to the contract.

Parties to the contract must adhere to this clause to ensure the validity and enforceability of any modifications. By requiring written modifications, the parties aim to reduce misunderstandings and maintain clear records of the agreement and any subsequent changes.

This is a common provision in many contracts to ensure that the terms are clear and to prevent misunderstandings or disputes that may arise from oral agreements.

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True. The total cost curve is relatively flat near the EOQ (economic order quantity) because at this point, the holding costs and ordering costs are balanced. The EOQ represents the optimal quantity to order to minimize the total cost of inventory management, and as a result, the total cost curve is relatively flat in the vicinity of the EOQ.

Any deviation from the EOQ, either by ordering more or less than the optimal quantity, would result in an increase in total cost due to higher holding costs or ordering costs. Therefore, the total cost curve slopes upwards on either side of the EOQ.

The statement "the total cost curve is relatively flat near the EOQ (Economic Order Quantity)" is true. The EOQ is a point where the total cost, which includes ordering costs and holding costs, is minimized. Near this point, the total cost curve becomes relatively flat, indicating that small changes in order quantity will not have a significant impact on the overall cost. This is because, at EOQ, the balance between ordering and holding costs is optimal, leading to the most cost-effective inventory management.

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On average, the pay of a person with a high-status position, like a CEO, in the United States is around 278 times higher than the pay of an average worker at the same company.

The pay disparity between high-status individuals, such as CEOs, and average workers in the United States is significant. According to various studies and data, the average CEO earns a significantly higher salary compared to the average worker.

The exact ratio varies depending on factors such as the size and industry of the company, but on average, it is estimated that CEOs earn about 278 times more than the average worker within the same company. This gap has been a topic of debate and concern, as it raises questions about income inequality and fairness in the workplace.

Various factors contribute to this disparity, including the complexity and responsibilities associated with high-status positions, market demand for executive talent, and the influence of executive compensation practices.

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In a multinational business strategy, the sales/marketing function is decentralized and dispersed to foreign units.

In a multinational business strategy, the sales/marketing function is often decentralized and dispersed to foreign units. This means that the responsibility for sales and marketing activities, including market analysis, advertising, promotions, and customer relationship management, is shifted to individual foreign units or subsidiaries.

Decentralizing the sales/marketing function allows multinational companies to adapt their marketing strategies and tactics to the specific needs and preferences of local markets. It enables the foreign units to have a better understanding of the local market dynamics, customer behavior, cultural nuances, and regulatory requirements. By having local sales and marketing teams, multinational companies can tailor their products, pricing, distribution channels, and promotional activities to maximize their effectiveness in each market.

This decentralization also empowers the foreign units to make independent decisions and respond more quickly to local market changes and opportunities. It facilitates a more localized approach to sales and marketing, promoting better customer engagement and market penetration. However, coordination and alignment with the overall global marketing strategy and brand image are still important to maintain consistency and leverage synergies across markets.

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A decrease in the price of a foreign currency is graphically represented by a downward shift in the exchange rate curve.

In graphical representation, the exchange rate is typically depicted on the vertical axis, while the quantity of currency exchanged is shown on the horizontal axis.

When the price of a foreign currency decreases, it means that the value of the foreign currency has decreased relative to the domestic currency. This is reflected as a downward shift in the exchange rate curve.

The new exchange rate indicates that more units of the domestic currency are needed to purchase a unit of the foreign currency. The downward shift implies that the domestic currency has strengthened against the foreign currency, making imports more expensive and exports more competitive.

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At that point, the monopolist should charge a price of $260 per unit, since that is the corresponding product price. Option B

To determine the optimal price, the monopolist should set MR = MC. From the given data, we can calculate that the marginal cost (MC) of producing each unit of output is $50. To calculate the marginal revenue (MR), we can use the formula MR = dTR/dQ, where TR is total revenue and Q is the quantity sold.

Using the data provided in the table, we can calculate TR for each quantity sold by multiplying the product price by the quantity sold. The resulting TR values are: 0, 350, 520, 600, 500.

To calculate MR, we take the difference in TR between each quantity sold (i.e., the change in TR resulting from selling one additional unit of output). The resulting MR values are: 350, 170, 80, -100, -250.

Setting MR = MC, we can see that the optimal quantity to produce is 2 units, since that is where the two curves intersect. So Option B is correct.

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The monopolist should produce 3 units and set the price based on the corresponding point on the demand curve:

P = 175 - Q = 175 - 3 = $172

To maximize profit, a monopolist should produce at the output level where marginal revenue equals marginal cost and then set the price based on the corresponding point on the demand curve.

The marginal cost for each unit can be found by taking the difference between the total costs of each quantity, i.e., MC = ΔTC/ΔQ.

Output Total Cost Marginal Cost

0 $250 -

1 $260 $10

2 $350 $45

3 $470 $70

4 $595 $75

5 $750 $75

From the table, we can see that at an output level of 3, marginal cost is equal to marginal revenue:

MR = 175 - 2Q = 70 (when Q = 3)

So, the monopolist should produce 3 units and set the price based on the corresponding point on the demand curve:

P = 175 - Q = 175 - 3 = $172

Therefore, the answer is not among the given options.

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Research has shown that when employees trust their colleagues and leaders, they are more likely to feel committed to the organization and its goals.

This increased sense of alignment leads to higher productivity and better performance overall. Additionally, employees who work in high-trust cultures are less susceptible to unethical behaviors because they feel accountable to their colleagues and the organization as a whole. They are more likely to adhere to ethical standards and make decisions that align with company values. Finally, because employees in high-trust cultures are more engaged and committed, they are less likely to seek out opportunities in other organizations. Instead, they are more likely to stay with their current employer and contribute to its success. have lower productivity than employees who work in low-trust cultures" - This statement is not accurate, as studies have shown that high-trust cultures are associated with higher productivity and performance among employees.  

"are more susceptible to unethical behaviors than employees who work in low-trust cultures" - This statement is also not accurate, as a culture of trust can actually promote ethical behavior by encouraging employees to act in accordance with shared values and norms.

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In the two-column Cash Book, the first column is for the date of the transaction, the second column is for the particulars of the transaction, the third column is for cash transactions, and the fourth column is for bank transactions. Positive numbers indicate inflow while negative numbers indicate outflow.

Cash Book for Second Hand Bookshop for November 2020

| Date | Particulars | Cash | Bank |
|------|------------|------|------|
| 1st | Balance brought forward | 2950 | 4240 |
| 2nd | Cash sales | 3100 | - |
| 3rd | Cash deposited into bank | - | 2000 |
| 4th | F. Bell paid by cheque | - | 194 |
| 5th | Paid for postage stamps | 480 | - |
| 6th | Bought office equipment by cheque | - | 310 |
| 7th | Paid L. Root by cheque | - | 940 |
| 11th | Withdrew from bank | 1500 | - |
| 12th | Paid wages in cash | 400 | - |
| 13th | Cash sales | 430 | - |
| 14th | Paid motor expenses by cheque | - | 810 |
| 16th | Cash lent by J. Bull | 1500 | - |
| 20th | K. Brown paid by cheque | - | 174 |
| 28th | Paid general expenses in cash | 350 | - |
| 30th | Paid insurance by cheque | - | 320 |
| Total | | 10760 | 7888 |

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An estimate of the increase in an option-free bond's price based solely on its duration provides a measure of the bond's price sensitivity to changes in interest rates.

Duration is a measure of the sensitivity of a bond's price to changes in interest rates. It quantifies the percentage change in a bond's price for a given change in interest rates.

By using the duration of an option-free bond, an estimate of the bond's price change can be calculated. If interest rates decrease, the bond's price is expected to increase, and if interest rates increase, the bond's price is expected to decrease.

The estimate provided by duration assumes that the yield curve remains constant, there are no cash flows other than periodic coupon payments, and there is no optionality embedded in the bond. However, it's important to note that duration provides an approximation and may not capture all factors that can impact a bond's price, such as convexity or market liquidity.

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Similar to Case B, we can use the present value formula to calculate the issue price, taking into account the coupon payments and face value.

To compute the issue (sales) price for each case, we need to calculate the present value of the bond's future cash flows, which include both the coupon payments and the face value.

In this case, since the coupon rate matches the market interest rate, the bond will be issued at its face value.

Issue price: $820,000 (as given)

In this case, the market interest rate is lower than the coupon rate of 6 percent. Therefore, the bond is expected to be more attractive to investors, and its price will be higher than the face value.

To calculate the issue price, we can use the present value formula:

Issue Price = PV(Coupon Payments) + PV(Face Value)

Coupon Payments:

The bond pays semiannual coupon payments, so we need to calculate the present value of these cash flows. The coupon payment is 6% of the face value, and there are eight periods (four years with semiannual payments).

Using the Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity (PVA) table:

PV(Coupon Payments) = Coupon Payment * PVA Factor

PV(Coupon Payments) = 0.06 * $820,000 * PVA factor for 8 periods

Face Value:

Since the bond will mature in four years, we need to calculate the present value of the face value using the Present Value (PV) table.

PV(Face Value) = Face Value * PV factor for 4 periods

Adding both present values gives us the issue price.

In this case, the market interest rate is higher than the coupon rate of 6 percent. As a result, the bond will be less attractive to investors, and its price will be lower than the face value.

Remember to use the appropriate factors from the provided tables to calculate the present values accurately.

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The visual depiction of the subassemblies and components that are needed to produce and/or assemble a product is called a Product structure tree. This tool is an essential part of the manufacturing process as it outlines the hierarchy of the product's components, from the top-level assembly down to the individual parts required for production.

The product structure tree helps in the planning and scheduling of production by providing a clear overview of the materials needed for each stage of production.
The product structure tree is created during the planning phase of the production process and is updated as changes occur. The tree helps to identify the dependencies and relationships between the components and subassemblies, allowing for effective production planning and resource allocation. The structure tree helps the production team to determine the sequence of operations, estimate the costs and time required for production, and ensure that the necessary materials are available when needed.
In conclusion, the product structure tree is an essential tool for manufacturers as it helps to ensure that the production process is efficient, cost-effective, and that the final product meets the required quality standards. It is one of the key components of the overall production planning and control system, which also includes tools such as MRP II, assembly time charts, Gantt charts, and pegging. By using these tools, manufacturers can streamline their operations, reduce costs, and improve their overall competitiveness.

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The correct answer is B) A product structure tree, also known as a bill of materials, is a visual representation of the subassemblies and components required to manufacture or assemble a product.

It is an essential document used in production planning, inventory management, and quality control.The product structure tree lists all the materials required to produce the final product, along with their quantities and the sequence in which they are used. The tree begins with the finished product at the top and breaks down the product into its components and subassemblies. Each subassembly is further broken down into its components until the final level of individual parts is reached.The product structure tree is an important tool for manufacturers as it helps them understand the dependencies between different components and subassemblies. It also helps them plan and manage inventory levels and ensures that the right parts are available at the right time during the production process.Assembly time chart, MRP II, Pegging, and Gantt Chart are other production planning and control tools that are used in manufacturing, but they are not visual depictions of the subassemblies and components needed to produce a product.

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The statement "If more gas stations are built in the local area, then the supply of gasoline will decrease as a result" is not accurate. In fact, the increased number of gas stations would likely lead to an increase in the supply of gasoline.

When more gas stations are built in a local area, it generally leads to an increase in the supply of gasoline. This is because each gas station is a point of distribution for gasoline, and more gas stations mean more outlets for selling gasoline. As a result, the overall supply of gasoline in the local area tends to increase.

An increase in the number of gas stations can have several effects on the supply of gasoline. Firstly, competition among gas stations may lead to lower prices, encouraging consumers to buy more gasoline. This increased demand can incentivize suppliers to increase their gasoline production and supply to meet the growing market demand.

Additionally, with more gas stations available, suppliers may have better access to distribution channels, allowing them to transport and deliver gasoline more efficiently. This improved distribution network can contribute to a more abundant and accessible supply of gasoline in the local area.

Therefore, contrary to the initial statement, the construction of more gas stations typically results in an increase in the supply of gasoline rather than a decrease.

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False. An exclusive-dealing contract is an agreement in which a buyer agrees to purchase goods or services exclusively from a specific seller, rather than from competitors.

It is the buyer who agrees not to buy from the seller's competitors, rather than the seller agreeing not to sell to the buyer's competitors. The purpose of an exclusive-dealing contract is to establish a long-term relationship between the buyer and seller, ensuring a steady customer base for the seller and potential benefits for the buyer, such as preferred pricing or access to unique products.

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The annual depreciation charge for the kitchen appliance using the straight-line method is $447.50.

To calculate the depreciation charges per year using the straight-line method, you will need to know the initial cost of the appliance, its salvage value at the end of its useful life, and the number of years it will be used. In this case, the initial cost is $3,700, the salvage value is $120, and the useful life is 8 years.

Step 1: Calculate the total depreciation.
Total depreciation = Initial cost - Salvage value
Total depreciation = $3,700 - $120
Total depreciation = $3,580

Step 2: Divide the total depreciation by the useful life.
Annual depreciation charge = Total depreciation / Useful life
Annual depreciation charge = $3,580 / 8
Annual depreciation charge = $447.50

Using the straight-line method, the annual depreciation charge for the kitchen appliance is $447.50. This means the appliance's value will decrease by this amount each year over the course of its 8-year useful life, reaching a final value of $120.

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Fixed manufacturing overhead is the sustainable costs that are incurred to operate a company's production systems, including tools and equipment, buildings, land, and other associated costs like rent, taxes, insurance, and utilities.

To calculate the total amount of fixed manufacturing overhead incurred to support a production level of 20,000 units, you would need to know the set fixed manufacturing overhead cost per unit. Taking this cost figure and multiplying it by the 20,000 units produced, you would come to the total amount of fixed manufacturing overhead incurred to support this level of production.

It is important to ensure that the fixed manufacturing overhead cost per unit is a sustainable figure, meaning that it accurately reflects the cost of all the fixed overhead expenses required to support production.

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Insurance Expense       Dr     $16,500
     To Prepaid Insurance        $16,500

To adjust for the prepaid expense of insurance at the end of the year, we need to calculate the amount of insurance that has been used up or expired during the year. We know that the prepaid Insurance account had a beginning balance of $11,500 and was debited for $18,000 of premiums paid during the year. Therefore, the total amount of insurance paid for during the year is $29,500.

If the amount of unexpired insurance related to future periods is $13,000, then the amount of insurance that has expired during the year is $16,500 ($29,500 - $13,000). This amount represents the Insurance Expense for the year.

To record this adjustment, we need to debit Insurance Expense for $16,500 and credit Prepaid Insurance for $16,500. This entry will reduce the Prepaid Insurance account to its correct balance of $13,000 (the amount of unexpired insurance related to future periods ) and record the Insurance Expense for the year.

The adjusting entry is as follows:

Debit: Insurance Expense $16,500
Credit: Prepaid Insurance $16,500

In conclusion, adjusting for the prepaid expense of insurance requires calculating the amount of insurance that has expired during the year and recording an adjusting entry to reduce the Prepaid Insurance account and record the Insurance Expense for the year.

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The desired EOQ order quantity for item A is 85.

Firstly, we need to calculate the annual demand, which is simply the sum of the gross requirements over the 12 weeks:

Annual Demand = 0 + 0 + 60 + 80 + 50 + 80 + 0 + 70 + 0 + 50 + 70 + 50 = 510 units

Next, we need to calculate the ordering cost, which is the cost of placing an order:

Ordering Cost = Cost per order * Annual Demand / Order Quantity

Since we're looking for the EOQ order quantity, we can set the ordering cost to be equal to the holding cost to minimize the total cost:

Ordering Cost = Holding Cost

Cost per order * Annual Demand / Order Quantity = Holding Cost

180 * 510 / EOQ = 6

EOQ = √(180 * 510 / 6) = 85.3

Since we need to report the final EOQ value without commas and rounded to a whole number, the desired EOQ order quantity for item A is 85.

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All else equal, Bond B, which is a par bond, would have the higher coupon rate. A discount bond is a bond that is sold at a price lower than its face value or par value, while a par bond is sold at its face value.

The coupon rate is the annual interest rate that the bond issuer pays to the bondholder as a percentage of the bond's face value. Generally, discount bonds have lower coupon rates compared to par bonds. This is because the discount bond's price is already below par, and the lower coupon rate helps to compensate investors for the lower initial investment. On the other hand, a par bond is sold at face value, so it typically offers a higher coupon rate to provide the necessary return to investors. Therefore, all else being equal, Bond B, which is a par bond, would have the higher coupon rate compared to Bond A, the discount bond.

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On Ford's books, this lease is treated as a/an: c. finance lease.

A finance lease, also known as a capital lease, is a type of lease agreement in which the lessee (the person or entity leasing the asset) assumes most of the risks and rewards associated with ownership of the leased asset.

It is a long-term lease arrangement that is structured in a way that resembles a purchase or financing agreement.

In a finance lease, the lessee obtains the right to use and control the leased asset for a significant portion of its useful life. The lessor (the owner of the asset) transfers the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee, and the lessee is responsible for maintaining and insuring the asset.

At the end of the lease term, the lessee may have the option to purchase the asset at a predetermined price.

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The statement "the full immunization technique is designed to work for any change in the interest rate" is True.

The full immunization technique is designed to work for any change in the interest rate by matching the duration of the bond portfolio with the investment horizon, thereby minimizing the interest rate risk.

The full immunization technique is a bond portfolio management strategy aimed at minimizing the impact of interest rate changes on a bond portfolio. It involves matching the duration of the bond portfolio with the investment horizon, ensuring that the changes in the bond prices due to interest rate fluctuations are offset by the changes in the reinvestment income. This helps in reducing the overall interest rate risk and protects the investor's principal investment.

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The probability of waiting for more than 10 minutes after already waiting for 20 minutes is 0.4647. X follows the exponential distribution with a rate parameter of 1/16, denoted as X ~ Expo(1/16).

This means that X represents the time between consecutive sightings of Peter the Anteater, and the distribution of X assumes that sightings occur randomly and independently over time.

To find the probability of waiting less than 20 minutes before seeing Peter, we can use the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the exponential distribution:

P(X < 20) = 1 - e^(-1/16 * 20) = 0.7135

Therefore, the probability of seeing Peter in less than 20 minutes is 0.7135.

To find the probability of not seeing Peter for the next 15 minutes but seeing him before the next lecture in 25 minutes, we can use the properties of the exponential distribution and the CDF:

P(X > 15 and X < 25) = e^(-1/16 * 15) - e^(-1/16 * 25) = 0.1820

Therefore, the probability of not seeing Peter in the next 15 minutes but seeing him before the next lecture in 25 minutes is 0.1820.

Lastly, if you have already been waiting for 20 minutes to see Peter and want to know the probability of waiting for more than 10 more minutes, we can use the survival function (SF) of the exponential distribution:

P(X > 30 | X > 20) = P(X > 10) = e^(-1/16 * 10) = 0.4647

Therefore, the probability of waiting for more than 10 minutes after already waiting for 20 minutes is 0.4647.

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When policymakers make decisions in response to a pre-specified rule, they are undertaking  C) passive policy.

Passive policy refers to when policymakers follow pre-specified rules or guidelines when making decisions. This means that they are not actively seeking out solutions or making discretionary choices based on their own judgment, but rather relying on pre-existing guidelines.

The different types of policy, such as active and discretionary policy. Active policy refers to when policymakers take action to influence economic outcomes, such as changing interest rates or implementing new regulations. Discretionary policy involves making decisions based on judgment and analysis of current economic conditions, rather than following pre-specified rules. However, in this case, the question specifically mentions a pre-specified rule, indicating that the correct answer is passive policy. Finally, irrational policy would refer to decisions made without sound reasoning or based on faulty assumptions, which is not mentioned in the question.When policymakers make decisions in response to a pre-specified rule, they are undertaking a passive policy. A passive policy involves making decisions based on predetermined rules, while an active policy involves adjusting and responding to current economic conditions. Discretionary policy allows policymakers to make decisions on a case-by-case basis, and an irrational policy is not a standard term used in economics.

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$10,832 an income statement for the year finished December 31, 20

An income statement shows an organization's income, costs, and productivity over some time. It is likewise some of the time called a benefit and misfortune (P&L) explanation or an income proclamation.  It shows your pay from selling things or organizations.

An income statement gives significant experience into an organization's tasks, the proficiency of its administration, failure to meet expectations areas, and its presentation compared with industry peers.

Given;

Pay Articulation For the Year Finished December 31, 20- -

Fees Earned                   13,835

Utility Expense   153

Rent Expense    1,200

Wages Expense 1,650  

total expenses                3,003  

net income                     10,832

Thus, net income is  $10,832.

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The second line records the decrease in the Accounts Receivable account, which represents the liability being paid off by Branch College.

To properly record the ACH payment and applicable discount in the accounting records, Acon company should use a double-entry bookkeeping system.

This system requires the use of two accounts for every transaction, one account to represent the asset or expense being increased and another account to represent the liability or equity being decreased.

In this case, Acon company received an ACH payment of $1,622.88 from Branch College for payment in full of charge sale invoice No.730, which had terms of 2/10, net 30.

This means that if Branch College paid within 10 days of the invoice date, they would receive a 2% discount on the invoice amount, otherwise, the full amount would be due within 30 days. As Branch College paid within 10 days, the discount would be applicable.

To record this transaction, Acon company would use the following journal entry:

Debit: Cash $1,622.88 Credit: Accounts Receivable $1,680.00 Credit: Sales Discount $57.12

The first line records the increase in the Cash account, which represents the asset being received by Acon company. The second line records the decrease in the Accounts Receivable account, which represents the liability being paid off by Branch College.

The third line records the decrease in the Sales Discount account, which represents the discount given to Branch College for paying early.

In summary, Acon company should record the ACH payment from Branch College for payment in full of charge sale invoice No.730 by debiting Cash, and crediting Accounts Receivable and Sales Discount accounts.

This ensures that the accounting records are accurate and up-to-date, and that the discount is properly applied.

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The second line of the journal entry to record the ACH payment from Branch College would be:

Accounts Receivable - Branch College $1,622.88

Sales $1,500.00

Sales Discount $ 122.88

The journal entry would be recorded to reflect the payment received and to recognize the sales discount taken by Branch College. The first line of the entry records the amount received, and the second and third lines record the sales revenue and discount recognized. Accounts Receivable - Branch College is debited for the amount received, which is $1,622.88. Sales is credited for the full amount of the original sale, which is $1,500.00. Finally, the Sales Discount is credited for the amount of the discount taken by Branch College, which is $122.88. By taking advantage of the discount, Branch College was able to pay only $1,500.00, which is 2% less than the full amount of $1,622.88.

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In the New Keynesian Rational Expectations model with a Taylor rule, if the central bank follows the Taylor principle, in the steady state in which nominal interest rate is zero, the inflation is zero (option C).

The Taylor rule is a monetary policy rule that guides central banks in setting interest rates based on inflation and output gaps. According to the Taylor principle, when inflation is above the central bank's target, the nominal interest rate should be raised by more than one-for-one with inflation. Similarly, when inflation is below the central bank's target, the nominal interest rate should be lowered by more than one-for-one with inflation. In the steady state in which nominal interest rate is zero, the inflation rate is determined by the output gap and the natural rate of interest. The output gap is the difference between actual and potential output, and the natural rate of interest is the real interest rate consistent with output at its potential level. In the New Keynesian model, the output gap is determined by the difference between aggregate demand and supply shocks, while the natural rate of interest is determined by the discount rate of future consumption. If the central bank follows the Taylor principle, it implies that it sets the nominal interest rate equal to the sum of the natural rate of interest and a weighted average of inflation and the output gap. In the steady state in which nominal interest rate is zero, this implies that inflation is zero, as the output gap and the natural rate of interest are both zero.

To see why inflation is zero in the steady state, we can start with the New Keynesian Phillips curve, which relates inflation to the output gap and expected inflation πt = βEtπt+1 + κyt + εt where πt is inflation, Etπt+1 is expected inflation, yt is the output gap, κ is a parameter that measures the sensitivity of inflation to the output gap, and εt is a demand shock. If we assume that expected inflation is equal to the central bank's inflation target (Etπt+1 = π*), and that the demand shock is zero (εt = 0), we can simplify the Phillips curve to πt = π* + κyt This equation shows that inflation depends positively on the output gap, and that the central bank's inflation target determines the level of inflation in the long run. The Taylor rule can be written as it = ρ + π* + α(πt - π*) + βyt.

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A creditor who holds a promissory note secured by a lien on real estate is considered a secured creditor. Option A

This means that they have a legal interest in the property and have the right to foreclose on the property if the borrower fails to make payments. The promissory note serves as a legal contract between the borrower and the creditor, outlining the terms of the loan and the obligations of both parties.

On the other hand, a general creditor is someone who is owed money by the borrower but does not have any security or collateral to back up their claim. They are not entitled to any specific property or assets and must rely on the borrower's promise to pay back the debt.

It is important to note that there are laws and regulations governing the creation and enforcement of liens on real estate. Creditors must follow these rules in order to legally secure their interest in the property.

Violating these laws can result in legal consequences, including the invalidation of the lien and the loss of the creditor's security interest in the property. So Option A is correct

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a. a secured creditor. A secured creditor is a lender or creditor who has a legal right to some form of collateral, such as real estate or personal property, until the debt is repaid in full.

In the case of a promissory note secured by a lien on real estate, the creditor has a legal right to the property until the borrower repays the debt according to the terms of the promissory note. This means that if the borrower defaults on the loan, the creditor can seize and sell the property to recover the outstanding debt.On the other hand, a general creditor is a creditor who does not have a security interest in the debtor's property and does not have the right to seize and sell the property to recover the outstanding debt. Instead, a general creditor can only seek repayment from the debtor's general assets or income.

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a. The basic earnings per share for 2018 is $0.36. b. The diluted earnings per share for 2018 are $0.36.

a. To compute basic earnings per share, we need to determine the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year.

Weighted-average common shares outstanding = [(120,000 shares × 2 months) + (130,000 shares × 5 months) + (146,000 shares × 3 months)] / 12 months

= (240,000 + 650,000 + 438,000) / 12

= 1,328,333.33

Basic earnings per share = (Net income - Preferred dividends) / Weighted-average common shares outstanding

= ($501,000 - $32,000) / 1,328,333.33

= $0.36 per share

b. To compute diluted earnings per share, we need to consider the potential dilution from the conversion of the preferred stock into common stock. The number of additional common shares that would be issued if all of the preferred stock was converted is

Preferred shares outstanding = 16,000

Additional common shares from conversion = 16,000 × 1 = 16,000

We also need to consider the effect of the 6,000 treasury shares. Since these shares are not outstanding, they do not affect the weighted-average number of shares outstanding, but they do affect the number of shares that would be outstanding if all potentially dilutive securities were converted.

Weighted-average diluted shares outstanding = Weighted-average common shares outstanding + Additional common shares from conversion - Treasury shares

= 1,328,333.33 + 16,000 - 6,000

= 1,338,333.33

Diluted earnings per share = (Net income - Preferred dividends) / Weighted-average diluted shares outstanding

= ($501,000 - $32,000) / 1,338,333.33

= $0.36 per share

Therefore, both basic and diluted earnings per share for 2018 are $0.36.

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If a put option on this stock has a strike price of $55, the put is out of the money and sells for a lower price than if the market price of AT&T stock is $60. The correct option is E.

The most recent price at which a security was traded, as it relates to trading in securities, is known as the market price. The interplay of stock market traders, investors, and dealers produces the market price. "Above the market" designates a price or order that is higher than the going rate on the market.

Limit orders to sell, stop orders to purchase, and stop-limit orders to buy are three common types of above-market orders. Below the market, where a price or order is below the going market rate, is the polar opposite of above the market.

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The statement "The generation of workers born between 1960 and 1980 are referred to as Generation X" is True. Option A.

Generation X is the name given to the generation of Americans born between the mid-1960s and the early 1980s.

Generation X follows the Baby Boomers and precedes Generation Y or the Millennials.

Another name given to this group is the 'latchkey generation'. The kids of those years were often left to their own devices after school, as many former stay-at-home mothers entered the labor market. They are also known as MTV Kids, due to the popularity of this music channel.

Generation X's earning powers were compromised by the failure of the dot-com online business and then by the financial crisis of 2008.

Sociologists call this generation cynical and superficial, not being able to find balance in their work-life situation.

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