Cech and Altman discovered the self-replication and biocatalytic properties of RNA. Option B.
What did Cech and Altman discover?
After several years of research, Cech and Altman discovered that, apart from being inheritable molecules and being involved in protein synthesis, RNA functions as a biocatalyst -just like enzymes- .
These scientists discovered that RNA shares with DNA the capability of transmitting genetic information and with proteins the capability of facilitating chemical reactions as a biocatalyst.
They could prove that,
RNA can self-replicate because it carries the genetic information needed to do it and does not need other proteins. It has a significant protagonism in cellular metabolism.
In the enzyme's and additional energy absence, the molecule can start its maturation process, catalyzing reactions by itself. Cech named this RNA form with enzymatic function ribozyme.
This was a significant discovery since it demonstrated that not only proteins were involved in biological reactions.
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a biologist treats a cell with a certain chemical that inhibit the cell ability to synthesise DNA
if this cell is treated to undergo the process of the cell cycle which phase is affected. give two reasons.
If the cell treated with a chemical that inhibits DNA synthesis is treated to undergo the process of the cell cycle, the phase that will be affected is the S-phase of interphase.
What is interphase?The interphase stage of cell division is the resting stage between two successive divisions.
The interphase is further grouped into three phases namely:
G1 phaseS-phase or synthesis phaseG2 phaseThe synthesis phase of interphase is the stage where new DNA strand is synthesized, hence, if the cell treated with a chemical that inhibits DNA synthesis is treated to undergo the process of the cell cycle, the phase that will be affected is the S-phase of interphase.
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Hall KT, Loscalzo J, Kaptchuk TJ. Genetics and the placebo effect: the placebome. Trends Mol Med 2015;21:285-94.
Placebo responses greatly influence ordinary clinical outcomes, making placebo controls essential in randomized clinical trials (RCTs).
What are the placebome, or genetics, and the placebo effect?
Recent research in neurophysiology reveals the neurotransmitter networks that control placebo effects. It is possible to use genetic screening to identify placebo responders, which would boost the efficiency of RCTs and enhance therapeutic treatment. This is supported by evidence that genetic differences in these pathways can alter placebo effects. Additionally, the design of RCTs should take into account any potential interactions between the molecular pathways of the medicine and the placebo. The placebome, a study of the genetic influences on placebo response, is still in its infancy. Here, we evaluate data from placebo trials and RCTs to pinpoint putative genes in the placebome, look into data for interactions between placebo and drugs, and discuss implications for clinical care and RCTs.
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An autoimmune disease could result when Group of answer choices bacteria severely damage the B and T cells of the immune system. cancer creates an imbalance in the immune system. the receptors on cells are not recognized correctly by immune cells. a virus such as HIV destroys the immune system.
An autoimmune disease could result when the receptors on cells are not recognized correctly by immune cells; option C.
What are autoimmune diseases?Autoimmune diseases are diseases which occurs as a result of the body's own immune system recognizing the bod cells and tissues as foreign.
The body's immune system produces produces proteins which are known as autoantibodies which attack and destroy the body tissues and organs.
Autoimmune diseases usually have no cure but can be managed by relieving of the symptoms and by suppressing the immune system.
Some examples of autoimmune diseases include:
Systemic lupus erythematosusMyasthenia gravisPernicious anemia.Reactive arthritis.Rheumatoid arthritis.In conclusion, autoimmune diseases occur when the body's immune system attacks its own body cells, tissues and organs.
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Mendel crossed homozygous tall and short plants. The law of segregation dictates that each sperm of the tall plant randomly passes
down one allele for height and the eggs of each short plant also pass down one allele for height to the F1 generation seed. Predict the F1
generation genotype.
O If the homozygous tall plant (TT) crosses with a heterozygous short plant (Tt), then all the F1 plants become heterozygous tall plants (Tt).
O If the heterozygous tall plant (TT) crosses with a heterozygous short plant (Tt), then all the F1 plants become heterozygous tall plants (Tt).
O If the heterozygous tall plant (Tt) crosses with a homozygous short plant (tt), then all the F1 plants become heterozygous tall plants (Tt).
O If the homozygous tall plant (TT) crosses with a homozygous short plant (tt), then all the F1 plants become heterozygous tall plants (Tt).
Answer:
D.) If the homozygous tall plant (TT) crosses with a homozygous short plant (tt), then all the F1 plants become heterozygous tall plants (Tt).
Explanation:
Homozygous indicates that the alleles in the genotype are the same. Therefore, the genotype for homozygous tall plants is (TT) and the genotype for homozygous short plants is (tt).
After performing a cross, we know that all of the children will have the heterozygous genotype (Tt).
Answer:
I hope this helps.
Explanation:
A ____________________ reaction is a severe response to an allergen, also known as anaphylaxis.
Anaphylaxis, also called allergic or anaphylactic shock, is a sudden, severe and life-threatening allergic reaction that involves the whole body. The reaction is marked by constriction of the airways, leading to difficulty breathing.
Anaphylaxis is a severe, whole-body allergic reaction to a chemical that has become an allergen. An allergen is a substance that can cause an allergic reaction.
Anaphylactic shock is a rare but severe allergic reaction that can be deadly if you don't treat it right away. It's most often caused by an allergy to food, insect bites, or certain medications. A shot of a drug called epinephrine is needed immediately.
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Which of the following statements is true regarding a recessive trait that is carried on the X chromosome
Answer:
please present the options given so we can better be of assistance
Explanation:
please give the options so we can better be of assistance.
Assume that the length of wheat leaves is controlled by three loci, each with two alleles: L and l, W and w, H and h. Determine the differences in leaf length between two homozygous strains of wheat. Assume each allele contributes equally to the length of the plant leaves. One homozygous strain, ll ww hh, has leaves that are 100 mm in length, and the other strain, LL WW HH, has 220 mm leaves. The two homozygous strains are crossed, and the resulting F1 are selfed to produce F2 progeny. 1. What length will the leaves of the ll WW HH genotype plant be? 2. What proportion of the F2 progeny will have the same phenotype as the II WW HH genotype?
Polygenic heritability is the expression of a trait by many genes interaction. 1) 180mm. 2) 15/64
What is polygenic heritability?
Polygenic heritability occurs when a trait results from the interaction of many genes.
Individuals are grouped in categories that depend on how genes were intercrossed and distributed during meiosis.
In this example, there are three diallelic genes. We know that
all alleles add the same length to the leaves, the largest leaves are the homozygous dominant ones (AAWWLL⇒ 220mm), the shortest leaves are the homozygous recessive ones (aawwll⇒ 100mm).By looking at the difference between lengths (220 - 100 = 120mm), we might say each dominant allele adds 20 mm to the leaves (120mm/6alleles = 20mm).
Plants llWWHH have 4 dominant alleles, meaning their leaves' length is 180 mm.
Among the F2, 15/64 individuals are expected to have 180 mm leaves.
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Two matching chromosomes having the same basic structure and same sequence of genes are called a ______ pair.
Two matching chromosomes having the same basic structure and same sequences of genes are called a Homologous chromosomes ,which is made by same pairs , centro-mere position, and staining pattern, for gene with same corresponding loci.
The same gene present at the same genes at the same loci positions .A homologous chromosomes are the set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other during cell fertilization.
Its pair are similar to one another and have the same size and shape.Also they carry the same type of genetic information's. If four pair of chromosomes are present called a tetra or bivalent chromosomes.
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The ______ fishery management approach views the entire ecosystem as relevant to managing a fishery and allows for the diverse societal uses of fish stocks, including fishing, recreation, tourism, and overall ecosystem health.
The ecosystem-based fishery management approach views the entire ecosystem as relevant to managing a fishery and allows for the diverse societal uses of fish stocks, including fishing, recreation, tourism, and overall ecosystem health.
The ecosystem-based management of fisheries is an approach, which projects a holistic outlook towards the management of fisheries in such a way that, humans can benefit from in numerous ways like fishing for food or recreation, or for breeding new stocks of fish. All this is done keeping in mind the angle of environment and biodiversity conservation of the area as well. This approach is extremely essential to keep a check on the effects of human intervention in the ecosystem of the fisheries and how to maintain a stable balance between the two without harming the latter.
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Presence of the phenotype of an autosomal recessive disorder in one generation and then absence of the phenotype in the next generation likely means?
Presence of the phenotype of an autosomal recessive disorder in one generation and then absence of the phenotype in the next generation likely means the alleles are present in heterozygous condition carrying disorder.
A trait, illness, or disease can be passed down through families in a number of different ways, one of which is autosomal recessive. Two allele of a defective gene are required for an autosomal recessive disorder to manifest as a disease or trait. The type of chromosome that is impacted determines whether a person inherits a certain disease, condition, or trait. Sex chromosomes and autosomal chromosomes are the two types.
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What is the process in which homologues align gene by gene in preparation for crossing over?
In synapsis, the genes on the chromatids of the homologous chromosomes are aligned precisely with each other. The synaptonemal complex supports the exchange of chromosomal segments between non-sister homologous chromatids, a process called crossing over.
During meiosis, an event called chromosomal crossing over from time to time occurs as a part of recombination. In this procedure, a place of 1 chromosome is exchanged for the vicinity of every other chromosome, thereby generating precise chromosomal mixtures that divide into haploid daughter cells.
Subsequently, the pairs of homologous chromosomes in anaphase I separate into extraordinary daughter cells. Earlier than the pairs can separate, the crossovers between chromosomes must be resolved and meiosis-unique cohesins need to be launched from the arms of the sister chromatids.
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Which innate immune system component uses mhc class i molecules directly in its defense strategy?
Natural killer cells are identify as a intracellular infection,especially from viruses, by the altered expression of major histocompatibility class (MHC) I molecule on the surface of infected cells.
Theses cells is a type of white blood cells. They are also called as natural killer . A blood stem cells goes through several stages to became a red blood cells, platelets, or white blood cells.
These Natural killer cells are innate immune cells which shows strong cytologist function against physiologically stressed cells such as tumor and virus infected cells.They are first line of defense against tumor and diverse range of pathogens. Work as a primary defect in human body.
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Axons that release acetylcholine are called ______
Axons that release acetylcholine are called cholinergic fibers.
What are axons?In the brain, each neuron has a single, lengthy cable that extends from the cell's core. An axon is a cable that is much thinner than a human hair and is where a neuron's electrical impulses leave the cell to be picked up by neighboring neurons.
Acetylcholine is released when an action potential is conveyed to the axon terminal, where depolarization causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open and enable an influx of calcium, which then permits the release of acetylcholine-containing vesicles into the synaptic cleft.
The neurotransmitter in preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons is acetylcholine (ACh). Thus, axons that release acetylcholine are called cholinergic fibers.
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Most water is lost daily via the:_______
a. colon.
b. kidneys.
c. lungs.
d. skin.
Answer:
B. Kidneys
How does drinking water affect the kidneys?
Most individuals are aware that our bodies need water to function. Our bodies are actually made up of about 70% water. Water facilitates all bodily processes, whether it be the brain, which directs all bodily movements, the blood, which carries oxygen and nutrients, or even the muscles, which maintain our bones sound and erect. Water is the element that is most essential to human survival, as even our predecessors understood.
Even though they include largely water, other drinks including fruit juice, tea, coffee, and carbonated drinks shouldn't be confused with water. For proper hydration, doctors advise us to consume 13 glasses of water each day. Abdominal discomfort, motion sickness, constipation, diarrhea, and a number of other health problems can result from not drinking enough water. In order to maintain proper body processes, water is essential.
Reasons for drinking water
For your kidneys to effectively remove toxins from your body, you need to drink enough water. Water is necessary for the liver and kidneys to remove poisonous waste from the body. Urine is the bodily waste substance that is expelled from the body.Water facilitates regular bowel motions inside the intestines. Drink enough water to avoid constipation, indigestion, and other digestive issues.Increased water consumption might assist you avoid consuming extra calories. It keeps your hunger in check, makes you feel full, and encourages you to eat just little amounts of food, which helps to maintain a healthy physique. Many diet plans recommend increasing your water intake as a deliberate weight reduction strategy. A body that is properly hydrated can metabolize fats and carbs quickly.Drinking enough water helps to maintain the delicate balance of body fluids. The body's ability to absorb and assimilate nutrients depends heavily on water. Blood is made mostly of water in about 82 percent of cases. Drinking enough water each day contributes to keeping your blood viscosity at the right level.Water makes the skin look fresh and smooth. A hydrated body usually has soft and healthy skin. Dehydration leads to anxiety and nervous tension. It can also impair concentration and lead to mood swings, thus lowering the brain functions. Keeping yourself hydrated boosts memory, keeps you active, increases concentration and improves mood.Water regulates your body temperature by maintaining the fluid levels in the body. It flushes out excess heat from the body in the form of sweat. This helps to maintain proper body temperature.A water sample has a pH 10 and contains 56 mg/L HCO3- and 32 mg/L CO32-. Calculate the alkalinity in mg/L as CaCO3.
The alkalinity as CaCO3 in mg/L is 108,23
What is alkalinity?Alkalinity is the total measure of substances present in water, capable of neutralizing acids. In other words, it is the amount of substances present in the water that act as a buffer.
With that being said;
Equivalent weight = {molar mass}*{ion charge/oxidation number}
Molar mass of HCO3- = 61g/molMolar mass of CO3 = 60g/molMolar mass of CaCO3 = 100g/molEq. cot. of HCO3- = 61g/EqEq. cot. of CO3 = 30g/EqEq. cot. of CaCO3 = 50g/EqAlkalinity due to CO3 = {32x50}{30} = 53.33mg/L
Alkalinity due to HCO3- = {56x50}{61} = 54,90mg/L
Total Alkalinity = 53,33 + 54,90 = 108,23 mg/L
In this case, we have to The alkalinity as CaCO3 in mg/L is 108,23 mg/L
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In order for a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell to divide, it needs to first duplicate its entire ______, which consists of all of its genetic material.
In order for a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell to divide, it needs to first duplicate its entire Genome ,which consist of all of its genetic material.
Prokaryotic cell division is termed binary fission.Prokaryotic chromosome is a single DNA molecule that first replicates, then attaches each copy to a different part of the cell membrane.
Mitosis is a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells that occurs when a parent cell divides to produce two identical cells.The first phase to cell division is pro-phase in which the nucleus dissolves and chromosomes migrated.And then finally chromosomes are separated and the cells are physically split into two cells.
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Plants breathe CO2 and release O2, while animals generally breathe O2 and release CO2. This is an example of an interaction between:
Respiration and photosynthesis are an example of Biosphere and Atmosphere interaction.
The Atmosphere is the gaseous mass or envelope that surrounds the planetary body and is retained by its gravitational field.
The Biosphere is the living and dynamic part of the earth and it constantly responds to the surrounding atmosphere.
The Biosphere interacts with the atmosphere by affecting its physical and chemical properties.
In Photosynthesis, plants breathe CO2 and release O2 while in respiration, animals breathe O2 and release CO2. These interactions alter the gaseous composition of the atmosphere, thereby affecting the chemical properties of the atmosphere.
This interaction can lead to changes in the climate, temperature, etc. Some other examples of the biosphere and atmosphere interactions are mineral cycles, carbon storage, desertification, energy cycle and the water cycle.
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How dose skin protect the body from pathogens ?
Answer:
The epidermis, which serves as the body's primary defense against water and infection, and the dermis, which effectively links the epidermis to the rest of the body, are the two major layers that make up the skin.
The stratum germinativum, the bottommost layer, produces layers of cells that make up the epidermis. Cell division is in its active phase at this point. The cells gradually go up into the various levels, where they make associations with neighboring cells based on whatever layer they are in. The skin's waterproofing and ability to withstand infection by pathogens are both a result of the migration and bonding of keratin proteins and lipids.
The stratum is the highest layer that the cells reach.
How does the body identify a pathogen?To start with, your immune system has several kinds of cells as well as other stuff like proteins floating around. There are two major types of immunity: innate and adaptive and they work together to help you identify and fight infection. Of the different types of white blood cells we have, there are a specific subgroup called lymphocytes that are involved specifically in adaptive immunity.
So the first step in innate immunity is physical barriers. Your skin and your intestines (which are technically 'outside' of your body - think of us as an elongated donut where our guts are the hole of the donut) are examples of such barriers. We're all good with having lots of bacteria on the outside (meaning on our skin and in our digestive tract). Problems happen when the outside stuff gets inside.
So then the next question is how to identify something foreign coming in. Turns out that structurally most living cells (and viruses) have proteins on their outsides. Some of these are receptors, others are structural, and yet others are covered in sugars etc. The thing is, these proteins and sugars are different between different things. So bacteria will have chemicals on them that are different than any chemical we have in our own body. When lymphocytes are growing up in the thymus, they are basically exposed to our normal proteins, sugars, and other molecules so they know to ignore them. If this process doesn't happen properly you can run into problems with things like autoimmune diseases.
Now you mentioned antibodies. Antibodies are actually made in a very fascinating way. Antibodies are essentially proteins with a certain part that can hook onto other molecules that fit the correct shape. Think of the analogy of a bunch of different shapes floating around and having the antibodies have holes for specific shapes, so they can only really attach to that specific shape (or antigen). But you ask, how do they know what shapes to try to attach to or recognize? Well, proteins are coded for by DNA and what happens in B-cells, the makers of antibodies is that there's tons of genetic recombination. We basically scramble DNA in different B-cells to be able to make up completely new and novel protein types that can then attach to other things that we have never been exposed to before.
So innately, we have the ability to recognize almost anything that's small enough and has some kind of outside texture or shapes to hook on to. Each B-cell makes a specific antibody to one shape and we specifically kill the cells that recognize shapes that are present in our own body. Furthermore, those peripheral cells that recognized general features common to many pathogens such as weird sugars or capsules swallow and chew up the things they encounter and present the little bits to immune cells like B-cells to see if they match the right shape for the type of cell. If they do, that cell now starts dividing and making tons of that type of antibody so that you get a good antibody response.
And finally, to remember that you've been exposed to a certain antigen, you have T-cells which basically serve to coordinate this whole process with hormones such as interleukins. When they see something they recognize, they also divide, but the cool thing about T-cells is that they basically live your entire life. Once they've seen something, those T-cells stick around pretty much forever, which is why things like vaccines work.
There are also other parts of our innate immune system, including compounds and proteins in our blood called the complement system. It can be a completely non-cellular method of killing bacteria based purely on antibodies and other proteins.
The cartilage that is located at the end of long bones that closes when growth ceases is called the:_______
The cartilage that is located at the end of long bones that closes when growth ceases is called the Hyaline cartilage. Hyaline cartilage is found in the synovial joints and assists the motion of joints. It is composed of chondrocytes and extracellular matrix. Chondrocytes plays a major role in the organization of extracellular matrix, which is responsible for the biomechanical properties of cartilage tissue. A region of hyaline cartilage remains over the surface of the epiphysis as the articular cartilage and another area of cartilage remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis.
The epiphyseal plate is the area of growth in a long bone. It is a layer of hyaline cartilage where ossification occurs in immature bones. On the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate, cartilage is formed.
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The idea that neurons in the visual cortex respond to relatively simple stimuli, then send their axons to higher levels of the visual system where signals from many neurons combine and interact is called:
Hierarchical processing involves the combining of information collected by one unit which is at the lower level.
Hierarchical processing
The hierarchical processing allows small stimuli to be combined and form a larger and more complex stimulus. It was first described by Hubel and Wiesel and since their pioneering work, various other hierarchical models have explained the hierarchical systems in the body. Many models explain the processes that occur from small-scale level to system level.
Various stimuli activate the receptor neurons which send the signals to the neighboring neurons which conduct the signals and so on till it reaches the cerebral cortex. Along the way, the signals from various neurons are combined together and produce a complex signal to which the neurons at this level respond. They send signals to higher neurons where it interacts and combines to form even more complex signals. Such a system allows the individual to see complex shapes, structures, motion, etc.
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What is the magnification of the ocular and objective lenses used to achieve a magnification of 600X on the virtual microscope?
The magnification of the eyepiece and objective lens used to obtain 600X magnification in the virtual microscope is 6.10.
What are microscope lenses?
Compound microscope lenses are called objective lens and ocular lens. The objective lens is a lens that is installed very close to the object being observed. The ocular lens is very close to the observer's eye.
With this information, we can conclude that 600X magnification in the virtual microscope is 6.10.
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The nursing instructor informs the students that which anatomical structure controls the elimination of urine from the body?
The Urinary bladder controls the elimination of urine from the body.
The lower abdomen contains this triangle-shaped, hollow organ. Ligaments that are connected to the pelvic bones and other organs hold it in place. When storing pee, the bladder's walls relax and expand; when emptying urine through the urethra, they contract and flatten. The typical healthy adult bladder has a two to five-hour storage capacity of up to two cups of urine.Three parts of bladder allow urine to be discharged:
A pair of sphincter muscles. By tightly shutting around the bladder opening like a rubber band, these circular muscles assist prevent urine leakage.In the bladder's nerves. When it's time to urinate or empty the bladder, the nerves let the person know.Urethra. Urine can travel through this tube and leave the body. Urine leaks from the bladder as a result of the brain's tightening signal to the bladder muscles.learn more about Urinary bladder here: https://brainly.com/question/21998875
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If menarche does not appear by age 16, or if the normal uterine cycle of an adult woman is disrupted for six months or more, the condition is called_____________.
Answer:
The condition is known as amenorrhea.
It stimulates the secretion of steroids from the reproductive glands.
Answer: Hypothalamic GnRH stimulates the gonadotroph to synthesize and release both FSH and LH which stimulate the gonads to produce sex steroid hormones and regulate germ cell function.
Carbon tends to share these electrons with ____________ , the elements that comprise a majority of living organisms.
One of the element that comprises the majority of living organisms and tends to share its electrons with carbon is Hydrogen.
What is hydrogen?Hydrogen is an essential organic compound which is present in all living organisms.
Hydrogen can easily share its electrons with other compounds thus making it highly reactive.
Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water which contributes to about 60% of body weight.
Hydrogen along with carbon and oxygen molecule forms bicarbonate ion which is an essential ion present in the body.
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which feature is charatisic of estauries
The estauries are characterized by mix of fresh water and salt water. That is option A
What is estauries?Estauries is defined as the part of water where many rivers meet and sweep into the ocean.
The characteristics of estauries include the following;
The salty water mixed with freshwater resulting to brackish water formation.The gradient of salinity in a semi-enclosed coastal system.Learn more about brackish water here:
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Which feature is characteristics of estauries:
A mix of fresh water and salt water.
swap-like land.
region of land that drains into a body of water.
the gradient of salinity in a semi-enclosed coastal system.
A body of water with a mountain range in the background. the landform pictured here is most commonly formed at what type of plate boundary?
The landform pictured here is most commonly formed by the convergent boundary.
What is the convergent boundary?A convergent boundary (also known as a destructive boundary) is a section of the Earth's surface where two or more lithospheric plates collide. Subduction is the process through which one plate moves beneath the other. The Wadati-Benioff zone, a plane where many earthquakes occur, defines the subduction zone. These collisions occur on timescales ranging from millions to tens of millions of years and can result in volcanism, earthquakes, orogenesis, lithosphere damage, and deformation. Convergent borders occur between the oceanic and continental lithospheres, as well as the oceanic and continental lithospheres. The geologic features associated with convergent boundaries differ depending on the type of crust.Therefore, the landform pictured here is most commonly formed by the convergent boundary.
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Answer:
Covergent Boundary
Explanation:
Which three endocrine glands are affected by hormones from the anterior pituitary?
There re three glands which affected by hormones from the anterior pituitary - Thyroid gland , Adrenal glands, Gonads.
Pituitary gland secrete hormones which control metabolism, growth, sexual maturation, reproduction, blood pressure ,etc. It secretes cortisol hormones ( stress hormones) which affects endocrine glands. And hypothalamus can control the anterior pituitary functions by production peptide hormones which transfer the signal to brain.
Endocrine glands are the organs which makes hormone for the body that are release directly into the blood then it travels through body tissues and reaches the organs of body . Pituitary gland is divided into two parts - anterior and posterior gland .Anterior pituitary is produced several hormones .
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mitochondria or submitochondrial particles can carry out the following coupled reaction: 2 cyt c (red) 1/2 o2 adp pi -> 2 cyt c (ox) h2o atp
Complex IV, also known as cytochrome c oxidase, oxidizes cytochrome c and transfers the electrons to oxygen, the final electron carrier in aerobic cellular respiration.
What is aerobic cellular respiration?In the presence of oxygen gas, cells undergo cellular respiration, which is how energy from food is produced. The majority of plants, animals, birds, humans, and other mammals all engage in this sort of respiration regularly. As byproducts of this process, water and carbon dioxide are created.
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Two factors affect the ability of drugs to destroy organisms in a ____________ community; the drug must be able to penetrate the thick sticky ____________ material surrounding the organisms, and the altered ____________ in biofilm organisms compared to their free-living counterparts must be addressed.
Two factors affect the ability of drugs to destroy organisms in a biofilm community; the drug must be able to penetrate the thick sticky extracellular material surrounding the organisms, and the altered phenotypes in biofilm organisms compared to their free-living counterparts must be addressed.
What are the factors affecting drug action?Factors affecting drug action includes:
Drug dosage: effect of drug increases with increased amount of drug up to the POINT OF RECEPTOR SATURATIONNumber of Receptors: receptors may be differentially expressed in one tissue to the next and, therefore, mediate different levels of biological responses.Disease states: disease states can effect drug pharmacologyDrug Efficacy/Intrinsic activity: ability to activate or block a receptor: maximum effect a drug can produce regardless of the doseDrug Potency/Affinity: rate of drug-receptor binding and drug-receptor release: amount of drug needed to produce a particular effect: drug affinity for receptor.Genetic factorsRoute of administration: The drug injected by IV fluid is more effective.Rate and degree of absorption: The drug which is more absorbed is more effective.Effect of other drugsToleranceTo learn more about Drugs,
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