In the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, the molecules that make up the channel in the mitochondrial membrane are Bax, Bad, cytochrome c, and Bak.
The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis is a crucial process that leads to programmed cell death, and it is regulated by various molecules that play key roles in the process. The channel in the mitochondrial membrane is an essential component of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, as it allows the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol, leading to the activation of caspases and subsequent cell death. There are several molecules that make up the channel in the mitochondrial membrane for the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, including Bax, Bad, Bak, and cytochrome c.
These molecules work together to regulate the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane and control the release of cytochrome c. Bax and Bak are pro-apoptotic proteins that play a critical role in forming the channel in the mitochondrial membrane. They oligomerize and insert into the outer mitochondrial membrane, causing the permeability of the membrane to increase and allowing the release of cytochrome c.
Bad, on the other hand, is another pro-apoptotic protein that regulates the activity of Bcl-2, a protein that inhibits apoptosis. When Bad is activated, it binds to Bcl-2, releasing Bax and Bak, leading to the formation of the channel in the mitochondrial membrane and the release of cytochrome c. Finally, cytochrome c is a protein that is released from the mitochondria into the cytosol in response to apoptotic signals. Once released, it binds to Apaf-1, forming the apoptosome, which activates caspases and initiates the apoptotic pathway.
In conclusion, the molecules that make up the channel in the mitochondrial membrane for the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis are Bax, Bad, Bak, and cytochrome c. These molecules work together to regulate the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane, allowing the release of cytochrome c and initiating the apoptotic pathway.
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Scientists have found that certain genes become turned on or off as a result of exercise mainly through a process called ________, in which tiny atoms attached themselves to the outside of a gene.
Scientists have found that certain genes become turned on or off as a result of exercise mainly through a process called methylation.
What does methylation do in the body?The methylation cycle is a type of cycle that helps us to do function of both physically and mentally. Many different functions in the body use this methylation process such as nervous, cardiovascular and immune system activity, energy production, heavy-metal detoxification and hormone balance. There are certain genes which become turned on or off when we do exercise, this process is known as methylation.
So we can conclude that Scientists have found that certain genes become turned on or off as a result of exercise mainly through a process called methylation.
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What three major groups of molecules can be used as fuel for cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain .In cellular respiration oxygen and glucose react and form ATP . water and carbon-dioxide are released as byproducts. These three stages of aerobic respiration.
Glucose which is the primary fuel for cellular respiration ,without that the process can't be started because there is no pyruvate for use in kerbs cycle in which NADH and carbon is formed.
Cellular respiration occur both aerobically (with oxygen) or aerobically (without oxygen). Anaerobic respiration is a normal part of cellular respiration. Glycolysis is first step in cellular respiration is anaerobic and does not require oxygen. If oxygen present then continue form kerb cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
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the chambers in the upper part of the heart , which receive blood from the rest of the body , is called _____
The chambers in the upper part of the heart , which receive blood from the rest of the body , is called Atria.
The atria are the two upper chambers. Blood is given out and collected. The ventricles are the two bottom chambers.Blood circulates through the four chambers of the heart. Right atrial blood flows into and via the right ventricle. The blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs, where it is oxygenated. The pulmonary veins that enter the left atrium return the oxygenated blood to the heart. Blood enters the left ventricle from the left atrium. The aorta will deliver the oxygenated blood to every part of the body when the left ventricle pumps blood there.learn more about Atria here: https://brainly.com/question/26387166
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What is the process called when two glucose molecules bond together to form a
disaccharide and why is it important.
Answer:
Dehydration reaction (a condensation reaction)disaccharide will provide energy for chemical reactions in the body to take place.
Explanation:
The Condensation Reaction is an organic reaction in which two molecules combine to give a single product accompanied by the formation of a molecule of water H2O. Disaccharides are produced when two monosaccharides are chemically combined. The bond called O-glycosidic, is the bond by which monosaccharides join to form disaccharides or polysaccharides. In this type of bond, an OH group of an anomeric carbon of a monosaccharide reacts with an OH group of another monosaccharide, releasing a water molecule.The main function of disaccharides is to provide energy to the cells of the human body, or glycogen. This is achieved through enzymes that act in the synthesis of the disaccharide, extracting glucose. Among the main and best known enzymes that act in this process are insulin for sucrose, lactase for lactose, and trehalase for trehalose.
The contraction of striated muscle is initiated by the release of energy in the presence of:
a) Acetyl Choline
b) Chloride Ion
c) Calcium Ion
d) Iron
The contraction of striated muscle is initiated by the release of energy in the presence of calcium ion
What is a muscle?A muscle can be defined as soft and band of fibrous tissue in a human or animal body that has the ability to contract to produce movements of the body parts
I'm conclusion, the contraction of striated muscle is initiated by the release of energy in the presence of calcium ion
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Disruption of the ________ of cardiac muscle tissue would interfere with the heart's ability to beat in synchronous fashion.
Disruption in the intercalated discs in the cardiac muscles would interfere with the hearts ability to beat in synchronous manner.
The important salient features of intercalated disc are-
These intercalated disc in cardiac muscles of the heart create connections between nearby cells The intercalated disc provides for coordinated operation of the cardiac cells and is highly specialised to facilitate the beatingExtensive folds and intercellular junctions for mechanical and electrical interactions between neighbouring cells make up the intercalated disc at the ends of muscle cellsThe electrical characteristics of the cardiac muscle cells and the passage of electrical information from one region of the heart to another determine the rate at which the heart contracts and the synchronisation of atrial and ventricular contraction necessary for the efficient pumping of blood.
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Hyperventilation can result in _______. Hyperventilation can result in _______. too much carbon dioxide in the blood respiratory acidosis too much oxygen in the blood too little carbon dioxide in the blood
Hyperventilation can result in too little carbon dioxide in the blood and is denoted as option D.
What is Hyperventilation?This is the process which involves an individual breathing quickly thereby resulting in more exhalation than inhalation.
This leads to the presence of too little carbon dioxide in the blood and results in respiratory alkalosis.
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2. A lunar eclipse can occur when the Moon is in......in its orbit.
Help me this is from amplify
Answer:
Lunar eclipses can only happen when the Moon is opposite the Sun in the sky, a monthly occurrence we know as a full Moon. But lunar eclipses do not occur every month because the Moon's orbit is tilted five degrees from Earth's orbit around the Sun. Without the tilt, lunar eclipses would occur every month.
A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon moves into the earth's shadow, it occurs when the earth, moon, and sun are close together.
What is a lunar eclipse?When the Moon passes through the shadow of the Earth, a lunar eclipse happens and also depends on the sun.
Only on the night of a full moon when the Moon is close to either lunar node can the Sun, Earth, and Moon be precisely or extremely closely aligned with Earth between the other two.
When the Moon and Sun are on opposing sides of Earth, a total lunar eclipse takes place. When only a portion of the Moon is covered by Earth's shadow, a partial lunar eclipse occurs.
Therefore when the moon moves into the earth's shadow lunar eclipse happens.
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M.A. Seol, I.S. Chu, M.J. Lee, G.R. Yu, X.D. Cui, B.H. Cho, E.K. Ahn, S.H. Leem, I.H. Kim, D.G. Kim, Genome-wide expression patterns associated with oncogenesis and sarcomatous transdifferentation of cholangiocarcinoma, BMC cancer, 11 (2011) 78.
Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is a highly lethal malignant tumor that arises from the biliary tract epithelium.
Abstract:Background:
Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) oncogenesis and development are largely unknown molecular processes. The objective of this study was to map the expression of genes involved in CC oncogenesis and sarcomatous transdifferentiation across the entire genome.
Methods:
DNA microarray technology was used to find the genes that differed in expression between CC cell lines or tissues and cultivated normal biliary epithelial (NBE) cells. Expressions were verified in CC tissues and cells from humans.
Results:
We found a group of 342 genes that are often regulated (>2-fold change) in cell line and tissue samples using unsupervised hierarchical clustering technique. 289 of them, including tumour suppressor genes, were downregulated, while 53 of them, including genes connected to tumours, were elevated (0.5 fold change). Immunohistochemistry was used to confirm the expression of SPP1, EFNB2, E2F2, IRX3, PTTG1, PPAR, KRT17, UCHL1, IGFBP7, and SPARC proteins in human and hamster CC tissues. When sarcomatoid CC cells were compared to three adenocarcinomatous CC cell lines, additional unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis found 292 differently upregulated genes (>4-fold change) and 267 differentially downregulated genes (0.25 fold change). Immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry labelling were used to confirm that 12 proteins were expressed in the CC cell lines. We discovered that during the sarcomatoid transdifferentiation of CC, the methylation-silenced proteins LDHB, BNIP3, UCHL1, and NPTX2 were restored, along with the expression of the proteins linked to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), VIM and TWIST1.
In conclusion, identifying molecular targets for cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis and prognosis may be aided by the dysregulation of oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, and methylation-related genes.
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What causes diabetes?
Answer:
Explanation:
When your immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas.
Diabetes is caused by genes and environmental factors around you, such as viruses, that might trigger the disease.
explain exocrine system??
Answer:
Exocrine: Pertaining to the secretion of a substance out through a duct. The exocrine glands include the salivary glands, sweat glands and glands within the gastrointestinal tract. Exocrine is as opposed to endocrine which refers to the secretion of a substance (a hormone) into the bloodstream.
what is the objective lenses on a microscope for
Answer:
Id.k
Explanation:
Altering Urine Volume Indicate whether each of the following would increase or decrease urine volume.
Would Result in a MORE Dilute Urine.
UrineIn both humans and several other animals, urine is a liquid waste product of metabolism. Urinary bladder is reached by kidney urine traveling through ureters. Through the urethra, the body excretes urine as a result of urination.
Numerous nitrogen-rich waste products produced by cellular metabolism, such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine, must be removed from the bloodstream. Urination, which is the body's major mechanism for excreting water-soluble substances, causes these by-products to be evacuated from the body. Nitrogenous wastes from the mammalian body can be found by performing a urinalysis.
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could someone help me with this please
Answer:
3
Explanation:
five factors affecting self pollination and cross pollination. Give five for each, pls help me ASAP
Why does population growth result in more death and damage from natural hazards?
Answer:
it would be bad because the more the population grows the less land and the less food.
Explanation:
hope this helps :D
PLS HELP ILL MARK BRAILIEST an explanation of the STRUCTURE of
enzymes. YOU MUST USE THE WORDS ENZYME,
SUBSTRATE, ACTIVE SITE, LOCK AND KEY" and
ENZYME SUBSTRATE COMPLEX.
catalyzed particular chemical reactions – in this case, reactions that broke down the film of eye goo that accumulated on my contacts after a week of use. (Presumably, the reason it stung when I got it in my eyes was that the enzymes would also happily break down eye goo in an intact eye.) In this article, we’ll look in greater depth at what an enzyme is and how it catalyzes a particular chemical reaction.
Enzymes and activation energy
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction—without being a reactant—is called a catalyst. The catalysts for biochemical reactions that happen in living organisms are called enzymes. Enzymes are usually proteins, though some ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules act as enzymes too.
Enzymes perform the critical task of lowering a reaction's activation energy—that is, the amount of energy that must be put in for the reaction to begin. Enzymes work by binding to reactant molecules and holding them in such a way that the chemical bond-breaking and bond-forming processes take place more readily.
Net filtration pressure refers to the difference between net hydrostatic pressure and net colloid osmotic pressure across a membrane.
It is true that net filtration pressure refers to the difference between net hydrostatic pressure and net colloid osmotic pressure across a membrane.
Net filtration pressure is the outcome of comparing two opposing forces that drive fluid movement across a membrane.
It's calculated by subtracting the net colloid osmotic pressure (caused by proteins and molecules in the fluid) from the net hydrostatic pressure (exerted by the fluid itself) in a given system.
This pressure difference influences the movement of fluids, like blood plasma, in various physiological processes, including filtration and capillary exchange.
Net filtration pressure plays a critical role in maintaining fluid balance and regulating nutrient exchange between blood vessels and surrounding tissues, contributing to overall bodily function and homeostasis.
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Which mechanism contributes to the long-term enhancement of the gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia but is not involved in the short-term enhancement of the reflex
Activation of G-protein coupled receptors contribute to the long-term enhancement of the gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia but is not involved in the short-term enhancement of the reflex.
The gill and siphon withdrawal reflex (GSWR) of the sea hare Aplysia californica, also known as a giant shell-less sea snail or sea slug, is an involuntary defence response that the sea hare does automatically. When the animal is startled, this response causes the sea hare's sensitive siphon and gill to retract, protecting them from further damage. Because of the ease of use and fairly large size of the underlying neuronal circuitry, the species Aplysia californica is utilized in the field of neuroscience research for the purpose of investigating the cellular basis of behaviour, such as habituation, dishabituation, and sensitization.
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How could the extinction of plants have caused the extinction of some animals?
how do thick and fleshy leaves of aloe vera help in adaptation?
Answer:
Aloes adapt to this by using their tissue to store large volumes of water. Aloe vera has thick and fleshy leaves, which are enlarged to accommodate the aqueous tissue. ... Carbohydrates synthesized in excess of that needed for energy are transported by the phloem to the cells in the leaf pulp.
Explanation:
What are the 4 steps of Natural Selection?
Answer:
Variation. Organisms (within populations) exhibit individual variation in appearance and behavior. ...
Inheritance. Some traits are consistently passed on from parent to offspring. ...
High rate of population growth. ...
Differential survival and reproduction.
Explanation:
Recessive traits are...
visible in the organism's phenotype as long as TWO recessive traits are present.
visible in the organism's phenotype as long as ONE recessive trait is present.
(a) The following account was written by a confused student.
Rewrite the paragraphs with the mistakes corrected:
"Shortly after a heavy meal, glucose is absorbed from the large
intestine, and its concentration in the blood cells goes up.
This rise is detected by the liver, which releases the hormone
insulin into the blood. Insulin makes the pancreas remove the
extra glucose from the blood and store it as starch.
Later on, the concentration of glucose in the blood drops. The
liver breaks down fat so that it goes up again.
(6 marks) (6 words need changing!)
(b) Explain why, some time after the meal, the blood glucose
concentration falls below its correct level.
(2 marks)
Answer: Shortly after a heavy meal, the glucose levels increase. This rise is detected by the liver, which releases the hormoneinsulin into the blood. Then cells in the pancreas release insulin, causing the body to absorb glucose from the blood and lowering the blood sugar level to normal.
Explanation:
will giv brainly please help
Answer:
3,2,4,1 is the correct order.
Explanation:
3 would be cuz initially there were no life forms. 2 cuz bacteria came and then primitive and simple animals and plants evolved. Then 4 cuz simple life came from bacteria. Then 1 bc from those simple life an complexed life evolved.
Helppppp ASAAAAAAAP, this is biology
A football player can hear his coach’s voice above the noise of the crowd and can sense an opponent about to run him down. These abilities are due to the action of what part of the brain?
Answer:
Thalamus
Explanation:
The ability of cardiac muscle cells to contract spontaneously without a stimulus from a nerve source is called:______
The ability of cardiac muscle cells to contract spontaneously without a stimulus form a nerve source is called Automaticity. It is a ability to contract without direct stimulation by nervous system.
Cardiac muscle cells has special characteristic which called automaticity , allows cardiac muscle cell to contract spontaneously without a stimulus form a nerve source. Property of cardiac cells to generating spontaneous action potentials.
Automaticity is to do things without occupying the mind with the low level details required to become an automatic response habit. Learning , repetition and practice is the resultant. It is fundamental physiological function in organisms to initiated by specialized populations of cardiac cells.
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how did the frame shift change the amino acid
During translation, the sequence of codons is read in order from the nucleotide sequence to synthesize a chain of amino acids and form a protein.
Therefore, frameshift mutations result in abnormal protein products with an incorrect amino acid sequence that can be either longer or shorter than the normal protein.
Hope this helped!
What is Blumenbach's 1775 Classification
Answer:
In the second edition of On the Natural Varieties of Mankind, Blumenbach used Bildungstrieb to explain the degeneration of an original type of human into the five varieties—which he later classified as Caucasian, Mongolian, Malayan, Ethiopian, and American—found around the world
Explanation:
Id.k if this is wat u were looking for so mb if its not