The length of a rectangular wall is 16.5 feet. The height of the wall is 8.625 feet. Cameron determines the area of the wall to be 1423.125 square feet. Which best explains the reasonableness of Cameron’s solution?
Cameron’s solution is reasonable because there are four decimal places in the factors and four decimal places in the product.
Cameron’s solution is reasonable because there are three decimal places in the factors and three decimal places in the product.
Cameron’s solution is unreasonable because 17 times 9 is 153, and 153 is not close to his product.
Cameron’s solution is unreasonable because 10 times 10 is 100, and 100 is not close to his product

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Cameron’s solution is unreasonable because 17 times 9 is 153, and 153 is not close to his product.

Step-by-step explanation:

Area of a rectangle:

The area of a rectangle, of length l and height h, is given by:

[tex]A = lh[/tex]

The length of a rectangular wall is 16.5 feet. The height of the wall is 8.625 feet.

This means that [tex]l = 16.5, h = 8.625[/tex]

Estimate of the area:

To use an "easy" multiplication, lets consider [tex]l = 17, h = 9[/tex]. So

[tex]A = lh = 17(9) = 153[/tex]

Cameron determines the area of the wall to be 1423.125 square feet.

Very far from the area of 153, which means that he made a confusion with the decimal places. Thus, the correct answer is:

Cameron’s solution is unreasonable because 17 times 9 is 153, and 153 is not close to his product.


Related Questions

how do I use the following cosine equation to get the Sinusoid Max & Min Times (x values), and Sinusoid Max and Min Values (y values) in order graph a Tidal Wave Chart?
y = 11.412 cos ((5π / 31)(x-3:12)) +174.91

Answers

9514 1404 393

Answer:

maximum: (x, y) = (12.4n+3.2, 186.322)minimum: (x, y) = (12.4n+9.4, 163.498)

Step-by-step explanation:

You know that cos(α) is a maximum at α=0, 2π, 4π, and all even multiples of π. You know cos(α) is a minimum for α=π, 3π, 5π, and all odd multiples of π.

You can find your value of x at which y will be a maximum by setting the argument of the cosine function equal to zero (and/or 2nπ). If we use α=2nπ, then we have ...

  α = (5π/31)(x -3.2) = 2nπ

  (x -3.2) = (31/5)(2n) = 12.4n

Tidal maxima will occur at ...

 x = 12.4n +3.2 . . . . . for integer values of n

Without bothering to go through the solution for α being odd multiples of π, we can see from this that the period is 12.4 hours. We know the tidal minimum  will be half a period later, or 6.2 hours later than this.

Tidal minima will occur at ...

  x = 12.4n +9.4 . . . . for integers n

__

Of course, cos(α) has extremes of ±1, so your tidal maximum will be ...

  y = 11.412 +174.91 = 186.322

and your tidal minimum will be ...

  y = -11.412 +174.91 = 163.498

the diagram below shows a triangular metal plate with sides 4.5cm,6cm and 7.5cm. it has three small circular holes of radius 4mm.calculate the area of the plate to the nearest square centimeters.

Answers

Answer:

d = 4.5 cm

A = 1/4 (p x d²)

= 1/4 (3.14 x d x d)

= 1/4 (3.14 x 4.5 cm x 4.5 cm)

= 15.9 cm2

The area of the plate nearest square centimeters is 12cm².

What is a scalene triangle ?

A scalene triangle has three different sides and corresponding to that three different interior angles.

According to the given question we have  triangle with sides  4.5cm,6cm and 7.5cm.

We know for a scalene triangle given 3 sides.

area(A) = [tex]\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)[/tex].

Where S is semi perimeter and a,b,c are the three sides.

= (a+b+c)/2.

= (4.5+6+7.5)/2 cm.

= 18/2 cm.

= 9 cm.

∴ The area of the triangle is

= [tex]\sqrt{9(9-4.5)(9-6)(9-7.5)[/tex]cm².

= [tex]\sqrt{9(4.5)(3)(1.5)}[/tex] cm².

= [tex]\sqrt{182.5}[/tex] cm² this is in between 13 square and 14 square approx 13.5 cm².

Now it has three small circles of radius of 4 mm or 0.4 cm.

We know area of a circle is πr² and area of 3 circles having same radius is 3(πr²) cm².

= 3{π(0.4)²}

= 3{3.14(0.16)} cm².

= 3(0.5024) cm².

= 1.5072 cm².

Now to obtain the area of the scalene triangle with those three holes of 0.4 cm we have subtract the area of the three circles from the triangle which is

= (13.5 - 1.5) cm².

= 12 cm².

learn more about heron's formula here :

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the average of students is 15 years if the age of a teacher is included their average becomes 18 years .what is the age of the teacher ?

Answers

Answer:

21; the age of the teacher

Step-by-step explanation:

15+x/2=18

Estimate - I estimated in the 20's because it only averaged up a little bit

Started with 23 and kept going until i got to my answer

21

15+21/2

36/2

18

Please mark brainliest :)

I think the age of the teacher is 21

If a star is 5,699,999,999,999,999 meters from earth, how long does it take light to travel from earth to the star?

Answers

Answer

19.013.153,42629466 giây

Step-by-step explanati

van toc ánh sán  =299.792.458 m/s

s= v*t

t=s/v

t= 5.699.999.999.999.999/299.792.458= 19.013.153,42629466 giây

Part A create an equation and solve for X:



Part B find the measure of the unknown angle

Answers

Answer:

x = 2 degree and unknown angle = 31 degree

Step-by-step explanation:

149 + 13x + 5 =180 degree (being linear pair)

154 + 13x = 180

13x = 180 - 154

x = 26/13

x = 2 degree

unknown angle = 13x + 5

=13*2 + 5

=26 + 5

=31 degree

The value of the variable x is 2°. Then the value of the unknown angle is 31°.

What is an angle?

The inclination is the separation seen between planes or vectors that meet. Degrees are another way to indicate the slope. For a full rotation, the angle is 360 °.

Supplementary angle - Two angles are said to be supplementary angles if their sum is 180 degrees.

Both angles are supplementary angles. Then the equation is given as,

13x + 5° + 149° = 180°

13x + 154° = 180°

13x = 180° - 154°

13x = 26°

x = 26° / 13

x = 2°

The value of the variable x is 2°. Then the value of the unknown angle is given as,

13x + 5° = 13(2°) + 5°

13x + 5° = 26° + 5

13x + 5° = 31°

The value of the variable x is 2°. Then the value of the unknown angle is 31°.

More about the angled link is given below.

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FIRST PERSON TO SOLVE THIS IS THE SMARTEST PERSON ON BRAINLY

Answers

Answer:

x=161

Step-by-step explanation:

Dang I haven’t done this math long time and I don’t remember but I think it is x=80.5

32 1/3% of animals at an animal shelter are dogs. About what fraction of the animals are dogs

Answers

Answer:

about 8/25

Step-by-step explanation:

32.3% = 32/100 = 16/50 = 8/25

rounded percentage down.

put over 100

reduce fraction

every solid shapes sit or stand on me what am I​

Answers

Answer:

Base

Step-by-step explanation:

Every solid shape has to have a base that they sit/stand on. Because the base  is the bottom of the shape and lies on the table. Hence, answering your question.

Hope this helps!

This one was difficult but if your work through it, you will get it.

Keep trying!

James hits a golf ball 145.7 yards Kayla hit a golf ball 122.95 yards how much farther does James hit a golf ball

Answers

the awnser is 30 inches

Manu has soccer practice at the park at 5:20 P.M. It ends at 6:15 P.M.


How long is Manu's soccer practice?

Answers

Answer:

His practice is 55 minutes long

you can look at it this way

from 5:20pm to 6:pm, is only 40 minutes

then from 6:00pm to 6:15pm is only 15 minutes

40 + 15 = 55

Is triangle XYZ = ABC ? If so, name the postulate that applies. A. Congruent - ASA B. Congruent - SAS C. Might not be congruent D. Congruent - SSS

Answers

The answer is the SAS postulate. The two triangles have two pairs of corresponding, congruent sides, and the included angles are congruent. And thus, triangles XYZ and ABC are congruent by the SAS postulate.

explain what it means for a function to be O(1)​

Answers

Answer:

a function that converges to 0. '' This means that there is some input size past which the function is always between -0.1 and 0.1; there is some input size past which the function is always between -0.01 and 0.01; and so on.

Pls do this for me I am getting annoyed with this

Answers

Answer:

x = 1.7

Step-by-step explanation:

Answer: x=1.7

Explanation: I checked with calculator!

Find the missing value of x. Show your work.

Answers

Answer:

68 degrees

Step-by-step explanation:

Since the angle is a right angle, it is 90 degrees, to figure out the measurement of a section if it, simply subtract the known angle 22, from 90 to get an answer of 68.

WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST TO WHOEVER ANSWERS FIRST

Answers

The answer will be 0.57

13. Find the length of X (in the picture)​

Answers

Answer:

x=2

Step-by-step explanation:

the sides are proportional due the angles being equal

since the hypotonuse is 5 on the bigger one and 2.5 on the small one we can infer there is a ×2 difference

so 4÷2=x

x=2

The answer is x=2 for sure

1/3(-15 divide 1/2) 1/4 what does it equal

Answers

Answer:

-2.5 or - 2 1/2

Step-by-step explanation:

Writing out the expression Mathematically ;

1/3(-15÷1/2)1/4

Using PEMDAS :

Solving the bracket first

(-15 ÷ 1/2) = (-15 * 2/1) = - 30

We have :

1/3(-30)1/4 = - 10 * 1/4 = - 10 / 4 = - 2.5

-2.5 = - 2 1/2

Can you help me with this question

Answers

Answer:

Below in bold.

Step-by-step explanation:

We see from the diagram that:

SY = SK + KY

So, substituting the given values:-

36 - x = 13x - 5 + 2x + 9

-x - 13x - 2x = - 5 + 9 - 36

-16x = -32

x = 32/16 = 2.

So SK = 13(2) - 5 = 21.

KY = 2(2) + 9 = 13.

SY = 36 - 2 = 34.

21 + 13 = 34 so this is a check that our calculation is correct.

A 20-year loan of 1000 is repaid with payments at the end of each year. Each of the first ten payments equals 150% of the amount of interest due. Each of the last ten payments is X. The lender charges interest at an annual effective rate of 10%. Calculate X.

Answers

Answer:

[tex]x = 97[/tex]

Step-by-step explanation:

Given

[tex]t = 20[/tex] --- time (years)

[tex]A =1000[/tex] --- amount

[tex]r = 10\%[/tex] --- rate of interest

Required

The last 10 payments (x)

First, calculate the end of year 1 payment

[tex]y_1(end) = 10\% * 1000 * 150\%[/tex]

[tex]y_1(end) = 150[/tex]

Amount at end of year 1

[tex]A_1=A - y_1(end) - r * A[/tex]

[tex]A_1=1000 - (150 - 10\% * 1000)[/tex]

[tex]A_1 =1000 - (150- 100)[/tex]

[tex]A_1 =950[/tex]

Rewrite as:

[tex]A_1 = 0.95 * 1000^1[/tex]

Next, calculate the end of year 1 payment

[tex]y_2(end) = 10\% * 950 * 150\%[/tex]

[tex]y_2(end) = 142.5[/tex]

Amount at end of year 2

[tex]A_2=A_1 - (y_2(end) - r * A_1)[/tex]

[tex]A_2=950 - (142.5 - 10\%*950)[/tex]

[tex]A_2 = 902.5[/tex]

Rewrite as:

[tex]A_2 = 0.95 * 1000^2[/tex]

We have been able to create a pattern:

[tex]A_1 = 1000 * 0.95^1 = 950[/tex]

[tex]A_2 = 1000 * 0.95^2 = 902.5[/tex]

So, the payment till the end of the 10th year is:

[tex]A_{10} = 1000*0.95^{10}[/tex]

[tex]A_{10} = 598.74[/tex]

To calculate X (the last 10 payments), we make use of the following geometric series:

[tex]Amount = \sum\limits^{9}_{n=0} x * (1 + r)^n[/tex]

[tex]Amount = \sum\limits^{9}_{n=0} x * (1 + 10\%)^n[/tex]

[tex]Amount = \sum\limits^{9}_{n=0} x * (1 + 0.10)^n[/tex]

[tex]Amount = \sum\limits^{9}_{n=0} x * (1.10)^n[/tex]

The amount to be paid is:

[tex]Amount = A_{10}*(1 + r)^{10}[/tex] --- i.e. amount at the end of the 10th year * rate of 10 years

[tex]Amount = 1000 * 0.95^{10} * (1+r)^{10}[/tex]

So, we have:

[tex]Amount = \sum\limits^{9}_{n=0} x * (1.10)^n[/tex]

[tex]\sum\limits^{9}_{n=0} x * (1.10)^n = 1000 * 0.95^{10} * (1+r)^{10}[/tex]

[tex]\sum\limits^{9}_{n=0} x * (1.10)^n = 1000 * 0.95^{10} * (1+10\%)^{10}[/tex]

[tex]\sum\limits^{9}_{n=0} x * (1.10)^n = 1000 * 0.95^{10} * (1+0.10)^{10}[/tex]

[tex]\sum\limits^{9}_{n=0} x * (1.10)^n = 1000 * 0.95^{10} * (1.10)^{10}[/tex]

The geometric sum can be rewritten using the following formula:

[tex]S_n = \sum\limits^{9}_{n=0} x * (1.10)^n[/tex]

[tex]S_n =\frac{a(r^n - 1)}{r -1}[/tex]

In this case:

[tex]a = x[/tex]

[tex]r = 1.10[/tex]

[tex]n =10[/tex]

So, we have:

[tex]\frac{x(r^{10} - 1)}{r -1} = \sum\limits^{9}_{n=0} x * (1.10)^n[/tex]

[tex]\frac{x((1.10)^{10} - 1)}{1.10 -1} = \sum\limits^{9}_{n=0} x * (1.10)^n[/tex]

[tex]\frac{x((1.10)^{10} - 1)}{0.10} = \sum\limits^{9}_{n=0} x * (1.10)^n[/tex]

[tex]x * \frac{1.10^{10} - 1}{0.10} = \sum\limits^{9}_{n=0} x * (1.10)^n[/tex]

So, the equation becomes:

[tex]x * \frac{1.10^{10} - 1}{0.10} = 1000 * 0.95^{10} * (1.10)^{10}[/tex]

Solve for x

[tex]x = \frac{1000 * 0.95^{10} * 1.10^{10} * 0.10}{1.10^{10} - 1}[/tex]

[tex]x = 97.44[/tex]

Approximate

[tex]x = 97[/tex]

how did you find the standard deviation?

Answers

Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:

It's the square root of the variance

The variance is just the second moment minus the first moment squared

What number must you add to complete the square? x^2+26x=11

Answers

Answer:

[tex] {x}^{2} + 26x = 11 \\ x = 0.4 \: and \: - 26.4[/tex]


Anne invested $1000 in an account with a 3% annual interest rate. She made no deposits or
withdrawals on the account for 2 years. If interest was compounded annually, which equation
represents the balance in the account after the 2 years?

Answers

for this problem you find 3 percent of $1000 to calculate the first year of interest which is 30 and then add it to your balance to get $1030 then you find 3 percent of that which is 30.9 and add it to your balance to get a total of $1060.9

A company is interested in testing sample sets of 20 Widgets to see how they withstand a heat test. Widgets fail the heat test when they develop cracks in their top paint coating. Suppose historically that 10% of the Widgets develop paint cracks. a. Does this problem represent the application of a Continuous or Discrete Distribution

Answers

Answer:

Discrete Distribution.

Step-by-step explanation:

For each widget, there are only two possible outcomes. Either they develop paint cracks, or they do not. The probability of a widget developing paint cracks is independent of any other widgets, which means that the binomial probability distribution, which is a discrete distribution, is used to solve this question. Thus the answer is a Discrete Distribution.

Solve the following system of equations by graphing.
- 4x + 3y -12
- 2x + 3y -18

Answers

Answer:

The solution of the graph is at (-3,-8).

Step-by-step explanation:

The given equations are :

-4x+3y=-12

and

-2x+3y=-18

These are the system of equations in two variables.

The graphs for the equations are :

The solution of the graph is at (-3,-8).

Please I really need help

Answers

Answer: 96 cubic feet (choice D)

=======================================================

Explanation:

The triangular face has area of base*height/2 = 8*2/2 = 16/2 = 8 square feet.

Multiply this with the depth of the prism to get 8*12 = 96 cubic feet

----------

For any prism, the volume formula is

V = (area of base)*(depth of prism)

The term "depth" can be replaced with "height" and it's the same idea.

In this problem, we have a triangular prism because the parallel sides are triangles.

A rectangular storage container with an open top is to have a volume of 14 cubic meters. The length of its base is twice the width. Material for the base costs 10 dollars per square meter. Material for the sides costs 8 dollars per square meter. Find the cost of materials for the cheapest such container.

Answers

Answer:

C(min)  =  277.95 $

Container dimensions:

x = 2.822 m

y = 1.411 m

h = 3.52 m

Step-by-step explanation:

Let´s call x  and  y the sides of the rectangular base.

The surface area for  a rectangular container is:

S = Area of the base (A₁) +  2 * area of a lateral side x (A₂) + 2 * area lateral y (A₃)

Area of the base is :

A₁ =  x*y       we assume, according to problem statement that

x  =  2*y      y  = x/2

A₁  =  x²/2

Area lateral on side x

A₂  = x*h           ( h  is the height of the box )

Area lateral on side y

A₃ = y*h        ( h  is the height of the box )

s = x²/2  + 2*x*h + 2*y*h

Cost  =  Cost of the base + cost of area lateral on x + cost of area lateral on y

C = 10*x²/2  + 8* 2*x*h  + 8*2*y*h

C as function of x is:

The volume of the box is:

V(b) = 14 m³  = (x²/2)*h       28 = x²h      h = 28/x²

C(x) = 10*x²/2  + 16*x*28/x² + 16*(x/2)*28/x²

C(x)  =  5*x²  +  448/x  + 224/x

Taking derivatives on both sides of the equation we get:

C´(x)  =  10*x  -  448/x² - 224/x²

C´(x)  =  0             10x  -  448/x² - 224/x² = 0     ( 10*x³ - 448 - 224 )/x² = 0

10*x³ - 448 - 224 = 0       10*x³ = 224

x³  =22.4

x = ∛ 22.4

x = 2.822 m

y = x/2  =  1.411 m

h = 28/x²  =  28 /7.96

h =  3.52 m

To find out if the container of such dimension is the cheapest container we look to the second derivative of C

C´´(x) = 10 + 224*2*x/x⁴

C´´(x)  =  10 + 448/x³    is positive then C has a minimum for x = 2.82

And the cost of the container is:

C = 10*(x²/2) +  16*x*h + 16*y*h

C = 39.82 +  158.75  + 79.38

C =  277.95 $


What is the solution to the equation 1/h-5+2/h+5=16/h^2-25

Answers

9514 1404 393

Answer:

  h = 7

Step-by-step explanation:

Perhaps you want the solution to ...

  1/(h -5) +2/(h +5) = 16/(h^2 -25)

Parentheses are required around denominators that have math operations.

Multiply by (h^2-25) and solve the linear equation.

  [tex]\displaystyle\frac{1}{h-5}+\frac{2}{h+5}=\frac{16}{h^2-25}\qquad\text{given}\\\\(h+5)+2(h-5)=16\qquad\text{multiply by $h^2-25$}\\\\3h-5=16\qquad\text{simplify}\\\\3h=21\qquad\text{add 5}\\\\\boxed{h=7}\qquad\text{divide by 3}[/tex]

Can someone please answer this

Answers

Answer: 131m^2

Explanation: I checked with calculator!

30 points ~ Thirty-eight kids are riding the bus. Half of the kids are girls. How many boys are on the bus?

Answers

Answer:

19 boys

Step-by-step explanation:

38 kids on the bus

1/2 are girls, that means 1/2 are boys

1/2 * 38 = 19

There are 19 girls and 19 boys

Nichol walks at a constant pace of 1.2 m/s and takes 15 minutes to get to school.
Sakura walks at 1.4 m/s and takes 20 minutes to get to school.
What is the difference between the distances they walked?

Answers

Answer:

The difference between the distances they walked is 600 meters.

Step-by-step explanation:

Let's calculate the distance traveled by Nichol and Sakura with the following equation:

[tex] d = v*t [/tex]

Where:

v: is the speed

t: is the time

The distance traveled by Nichol is:

[tex] d_{n} = 1.2 m/s*15min*\frac{60 s}{1 min} = 1080 m [/tex]

And the distance traveled by Sakura is:

[tex] d_{s} = 1.4 m/s*20 min*\frac{60 s}{1 min} = 1680 m [/tex]

Hence, the difference between the distances they walked is:

[tex] d_{t} = d_{s} - d_{n} = 1680 m - 1080 m = 600 m [/tex]

Sakura traveled 600 meters more than Nichol.

Therefore, the difference between the distances they walked is 600 meters.

               

I hope it helps you!                    

Other Questions
Which word, if substituted for irreproachable, would best retain the meaning of the passage? Calculate the mean, the variance, and the standard deviation of the following discrete probability distribution. (Negative values should be indicated by a minus sign. Round intermediate calculations to at least 4 decimal places. Round your final answers to 2 decimal places.) x 36 26 15 4 P(X = x) 0.32 0.36 0.21 0.11Mean Variance Standard deviation Xlon Co budgets a seling price of $ 86 per unit , varlable costs of $ 34 per unit , and total fixed costs of $ 286,000 . During June , the company produced and sold 12,400 units and incurred actual variable costs of $ 367,000 and actual fixed costs of $ 301,000 . Actual sales for June were $ 1,100,000 . Prepare a flexible budget report showing variances between budgeted and actual results . List variable and fixed expenses separately . ( Indicate the effect of each variance by selecting for favorable , unfavorable , and no variance ) Mrs. Jeffers bought 3 kg of caramels and 2 of chocolate. How many kilograms of candy did she buy altogether? (20 points and excuse any offensive or seemingly bad language in this question) Budding and regeneration are two types of asexual reproduction. Match the terms to the definition why was the boston massacre a turning point for the american revolution? WHATS THE ANSWER??? Which is one characteristic shared by electromagnetic and mechanical waves? A. Both have a crest and a trough. B. Both move due to particles bumping into each other. C. Both are formed by charged particles.D. Both occur as a result of a disturbance. GIVE ME LIBERTYThe Struggle for Self-Government in VirginiaThomas J. WertenbakerChapter I: The Cornerstone of LibertyThree little vesselsthe Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discoveryleft England in December, 1606, under the command of Captain Christopher Newport, to found a colony on the distant shores of Virginia. Two decades earlier Sir Walter Raleigh had sent out a group of settlers to what is now North Carolina, and they had disappeared mysteriously. What had happened to them? men asked. Had they been killed by the Indians? Had they fallen victims to disease? Had they starved? Those who shared in this new venture must have wondered if a like fate awaited them in this strange new land.But their spirits rose when they entered Chesapeake Bay. Landing parties were delighted with the "fair meddowes ... full of flowers of divers kinds and colors," the "goodly tall trees," and the streams of fresh water. It was a smiling country which seemed to bid them welcome. But when they entered the mouth of a broad river, which they called the James in honor of their King, and made their way up into the country, new doubts must have assailed them. They knew that savages lived in the dense forests which lined both banks; might not strange wild beasts live there also? Might there not be fatal diseases unknown in Europe?Review the end of the first paragraph in the "Give Me Liberty" excerpt. What is the main point of the questions at the end of the paragraph? The fate of early settlers was uncertain. The new settlers had much to fear. The new settlers had less to fear than the earlier ones. The new colony was not in North Carolina. Help me find the sum of Which of the following is NOT a type of satellite? a. a baseball thrown from pitcher to catcherb. a rice bag being thrown towards a cornholec. a paper airplane being thrownd. a jet ski tied to a dock Determine the value of c that makes the function f(x y) = c/x-y/ a joint discrete probability density function for x=2,0,2 and y=-2,3 Greek Mythology Help.? Question number 4 please!! Using organizational strategies 6. If more reactants are used in a chemical reaction, more products will be produced. This isbecause a) More reactants cause the reaction to heat upb) More reactants take up the same volumec) More reactants have more atoms to react to form more productsd) Too many products can slow down the reaction GAWAIN 1. Panuto: Gamit ang venn diagram, punan ang dayagram ng katangian at kaibahan ng pag-aaral sa Online class at Face to Face classes. PLEASE HELP: Click on the graph to choose the correct answer to the equation.y > 2(Choose one of the graphs from the image as the answer) What is the generalization of a point which isreflected over the x axis? Please help me fast if the population in 2001 of January was 5000 and same year in December last population was decreased by 500 and total live birth was 300 in that year. what could be the CBR (crude birth rate)