The type of exercise determines the health and fitness benefit of the exercise.
Everyday physical activity can improve your muscle strength and increase your patience. workout promises oxygen and vitamins for your tissues and allows your cardiovascular device to work more efficiently. And when your heart and lung fitness enhance, you have got greater energy to address day-by-day chores.
The ideas of specificity, progression, overload, variation, and reversibility are why practicing often and always is so vital if you need to improve your performance.
In summary, the 3 standards of training that must be followed in developing your fitness application are overload, progression, and specificity. when you increase the repetitions, a quantity of weight, or length of time in an exercise you are familiar with, you are making use of overload.
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When physical characteristics, such as early onset of menstruation or increased height and weight due to better nutrition, change over the course of several generations, it is called a __________.
When physical characteristics, such as early onset of menstruation or increased height and weight due to better nutrition, change over the course of several generations, it is called a Menarche.
The menarche, or beginning of menstruation, typically takes place between the ages of 11 and 16 years.
The biology of the female body, as well as genetic, environmental, and particularly nutritional variables, affect the time of menarche.
Over the past century, the average age of menarche has decreased, but the extent of the decrease and the causes are still debatable.
Menarche typically occurs between the ages of 8 and 16, with a small percentage of girls experiencing it by age 10 and the vast majority by the time they were 14.
The average age of menarche worldwide is very difficult to estimate accurately, and it varies significantly by geographic region, race, ethnicity, and other characteristics.
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How an individual identifies in terms of their gender. Since this is internal, this is not necessarily visible to others.
The personal and unique experience of gender that each person has is their gender identity. It is the belief that a person belongs to either the male or female gender, neither, both, or somewhere in between. The sex a person is assigned at birth may or may not match their gender identification.
The way a person portrays or expresses their gender in public is known as gender expression. This can involve actions and visible manifestations including attire, hair, makeup, body language, and voice in addition to behavior.
Pronouns and a person's chosen name are two more common methods to communicate gender. These characteristics are how other people determine a person's gender. Gender identity is inherently distinct from sexual orientation and unrelated to it.
The term "trans" or "trans gender" refers to people who express their gender in a variety of ways that deviate from traditional gender roles.
It includes, but is not limited to, those who identify as trans gender, trans sexual, cross-dressers, gender non-conforming, gender variant, or gender queer. It also covers trans gender men and women.
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Which science cannot test the resurrection of jesus, it can examine that claims of a global flood4,000 years ago and a universe creation 6,000 years ago
Creation Science is the science that cannot test the resurrection of Jesus, it can examine the claims of a global flood4,000 years ago and a universe creation 6,000 years ago.
Creation science, or scientific creationism, is a pseudoscientific form of young earth creationism that claims to provide scientific arguments for certain literal and infallible interpretations of the Bible.
Often presented without explicit faith-based language, instead reinterpreting the scientific evidence to argue that various myths of Genesis and other selected Scriptures are scientifically valid.
Among the most common creation science ideas are special creations based on the Genesis creation story and flood geology based on the Genesis flood story. Creationists also claim that creation science can be used to disprove or restate various scientific facts, theories, and paradigms in geology, cosmology, biological evolution, history, and linguistics. Creation science was the foundation of intelligent design.
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Which is an example of meeting the needs of the esteem tier in maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Which is an example of meeting the needs of the esteem tier in maslow’s hierarchy of needs: Liam working well with his coworkers and feeling that they appreciate his contribution.
hierarchy is any ordered system that entails a subordinate relationship. Synonyms of hierarchy can be food chain, and pecking order.
A hierarchical system or organization is one in which people have different ranks or positions, depending on how important they are. Hierarchies add structure and regularity to our lives. They give us routines, duties, and responsibilities.
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You hear a scream and some loud noises coming from a few feet away in the crowded school playground. As you walk quickly across the playground, you tell yourself to do what first
You hear a scream and some loud noises from a few feet away in the crowded school playground. Walking across the playground, you tell yourself to stop and check the scene for safety first.
Avoiding dimly lit locations can help you feel safer, but you shouldn't assume that everything is safe and secure there.
Regardless of where you go or whether you walk alone, it is imperative that you pay attention to your surroundings and exercise caution. You can take a variety of precautions to guarantee your safety at night.
Make sure to map out your trip in advance. This can prevent you from getting lost if you are walking in an unfamiliar region. You'll be able to stroll with assurance.
Never use your phone while walking for social calls or listening to music. In the event that you spot something fishy, your phone can save your life.
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Which of the following statements does NOT describe a difference between forced migration of African slaves and other migrants
Slaves were sent mostly to Brazil and integrated into the society while other migrants to North America are subject to racism does NOT describe a difference between the forced migration of African slaves and other migrants
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) defines migrants as (1) persons who have moved or moved across national borders or within the country from their normal place of residence, regardless of their legal status. (2) Is the exercise voluntary or involuntary? (3) What is the cause of the movement? Or (4) Length of stay.
A generic term not defined by international law that reflects the general understanding of those who leave their normal place of residence, either temporarily or permanently, for a variety of reasons, either domestically or across national borders. The term includes a number of well-defined legal groups. B. Migrant workers; are individuals whose specific types of movements are defined by law. B. Smuggled migrants; also those whose status or mode of transportation is not explicitly defined by international law. B. International student.
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What is the use of backup components or parallel paths to raise reliability? part 2
Redundancy is the use of backup components or parallel paths to raise reliability.
Redundancy in engineering is the duplication of essential system components or functions with the goal of enhancing system reliability, typically in the form of a backup or fail-safe, or to enhance real system performance, as in the case of GNSS receivers or multi-threaded computer processing.
Some control system components may be tripled, or triple modular redundancy, in many safety-critical systems, such as fly-by-wire and hydraulic systems in aircraft (TMR).
The other two could then override a mistake in one of the components. A triply redundant system contains three subcomponents, all of which must malfunction before the system as a whole can fail.
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40 POINTS
_______ is an example of cultural norm while ________is an example of a cultural value.
Group of answer choices
marriage: monogamy
poverty: wealth
individualism: collectivism
democracy: voting
individualism: collectivism
Alanza has a __________ sexual dysfunction as it occurs every time she engages in sexual activity.
Alanza has a generalized sexual dysfunction as it occurs every time she engages in sexual activity.
Sexual dysfunction refers to any problem that a couple or individual has that prevents them from enjoying or engaging in normal sexual activity. There are four main stages of sexual activity. A healthy adult can go through all of these stages, even if they only go through one or two at a time. However, sexual dysfunction can occur at any stage.
The four stages are:
Lust - This is the stage in which a person thinks or fantasizes about sex. When Gina watches a movie with George Clooney, she immediately goes into lust mode! Arousal - After lust, a person's body begins to undergo certain changes in preparation for sexual intercourse. The heart can arrhythmia, breathing becomes shallower, and a person feels warm. Basically, desire is in the mind and arousal is the expression of desire in the body. Orgasm - Once stimulation leads to sexual activity, that activity leads to the release of sexual tension known as orgasm. Resolution - After orgasm, the body relaxes and the brain is flooded with "feel-good" chemicals. This feeling of relaxation and satisfaction is called resolution.To learn more about sexual dysfunction:
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The ________ tide component tends to make high tides appear about one hour later each day.
The lunar tide component tends to make high tides appear about one hour later each day.
High and low tides are caused by the moon. The moon's gravitational pull creates what are known as tidal forces. Tidal forces cause the Earth and its water to bulge on the side closest to the Moon and on the side furthest from it. These water masses are floods.
As the Earth rotates, your area of the Earth cycles through these two bulges of her every day. If you are in one of the bulges, you will experience a high tide.
If you're not in the bulge, it's low tide. This cycle of her two high tides and her two low tides occurs most days on most coasts around the world.
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What item worn by the sikh khalsa represents alertness and readiness to fight?
a. Steel bracelet
b. Special underwear
c. Hair comb to hold long hair in place
d. The sword
Special underwear worn by the Sikh Khalsa represents alertness and readiness to fight.
According to the Sikh Code of Conduct, "For a Sikh, there is no restriction or necessity as to dress except that he must wear Kachera and turban."
Kachera is a drawer-style garment that is usually worn as underwear and is fastened by a fitting string around the waist.
Gobind Singh gave his Sikh followers this Kakkar as a reminder to restrain their urges to enter into a relationship (lust).
The purpose of the above-the-knee kachera is to offer the wearer a sense of honor, modesty, and respect.
The typical material for the outfit is white, breathable cotton. It covers the genitalia and helps to remind the Sikh to follow the Guru's directive to treat people of the other gender with respect.
Hence, option B is correct.
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One criticism of dependency theory is that it?
One criticism of dependency theory is that its baseline measurement
This is further explained below.
What is baseline measurement?Generally, You can determine if your efforts are successful by comparing them to baseline metrics. You need to be aware of the extent to which your efforts are having an impact in order to create a program that will really be useful.
To determine whether or not your efforts are really making a difference at all, you need to have a concept of the scope of the issue in its current state, apart from the influence of your actions.
In conclusion, The dependence hypothesis has been criticized on the grounds of its baseline measurement.
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Samantha stated that she does not like her coworker, Mary. Samantha said, "Mary always rubs me the wrong way." Samantha is experiencing __________ conflict with Mary.
Samantha stated that she does not like her coworker, Mary. Samantha said, "Mary always rubs me the wrong way." Samantha is experiencing "emotional conflict" with Mary.
What is emotional conflict?Emotional conflict is a situation within an individual during which he feels torn between two or more strongly opposing feelings, much like conflict is a scenario in which two parties with divergent opinions are engaged.
Some characteristics of emotional conflicts are-
Conflict between individuals or groups sometimes results from perceived challenges to one's identity and displays of disrespect, which set off strong emotions. In other words, the same problems (such as values, status, and identity) that cause lengthy conflict also serve as emotional set-offs.Conflicts between people or groups frequently involve common emotions including anger, fear, hurt, and frustration. Our bodies respond in the "fight or flight" stress reaction as a result of these emotions and the specifics of the threat the conflict poses.The ability to successfully resolve conflict depends on your ability to-
Quickly control your tension while staying awake and composed.Manage your feelings and actions.Pay attention to others' spoken words as well as the emotions they are expressing.Recognise and honour differences.To know more about the emotionally self-aware, here
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Why does the maryland code of ethics require that licensees stay abreast of current market conditions?
Maryland's code of ethics requires that licensees stay abreast of current market conditions so they can competently advise clients about fair market value/price.
The maximum excessive punishment will contain the revocation of an actual property license and a big nice extra of $10,000. This might take place whilst a Maryland real property broker collects condo profits on behalf of his customer, however, fails to disburse the money to the purchaser.
The Maryland actual property shop clerk exam is one of the toughest nation tests to pass in America. We have compiled this simple exam cram e-book that fasts and without problems prepares you to take your kingdom licensing exam and skip it on the 1st strive with the PSI exam.
agents can inform different sellers that they have got a suggestion in hand, and if requested and may respond via asking the purchaser/agent to make as sturdy of a proposal as viable. "What I have always told marketers, purchasing of offers is not unlawful as lengthy because it is not the actual estate agent who is beginning it," Munshower said.
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The factors that distinguish love from friendship are __________ and __________.
Answer:
-Passion. AND -Caring.
The doctrine of __________ disallows any recovery by a plaintiff whose negligence contributed, even minimally, to causing damages
The doctrine of Contributory Negligence disallows any recovery by a plaintiff whose negligence contributed, even minimally, to causing damages
Contribution negligence is a common law tort rule that prohibits plaintiffs from paying damages for the negligence of others if the plaintiff also causes negligence. Comparative negligence has been replaced by the doctrine of comparative negligence in many jurisdictions.
Under the Tort Act, plaintiffs can claim damages from a negligent defendant by proving that:
Defendant violated this obligation to the plaintiff.
Plaintiff suffered damages due to the defendant's breach.
In jurisdictions based on contributory negligence, plaintiffs without any negligence cannot seek reimbursement, even if they prove the above
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Good wireless and better wireless merge to form best wireless. the federal government watches this merger carefully for evidence of a:________
Good wireless and better wireless merge to form best wireless. the federal government watches this merger carefully for evidence of a monopoly.
In 1982, AT&T, the world's largest phone company, was compelled to split into a number of smaller phone companies, providing one of the clearest examples of the dissolution of a monopolistic power. The division of the company into about seven regional bell operating businesses comprised Ameritech, Bell Atlantic, BellSouth, NYNEX, Pacific Telesis, Southwestern Bell, and U.S. West.
These RBOCs ultimately started merging, although it took more than a decade. Beginning in 1996, mergers first began to occur. Eventually, Southwestern Bell, which had changed its name to SBC, bought Pacific Telesis and Ameritech in 1997 and 1999, respectively. In 2005, SBC also acquired the remainder of AT&T. Verizon later took the name Bell Atlantic after GTE purchased it in 2000. Currently, AT&T and Verizon dominate both the expanding mobile phone industry and the shrinking fixed-line business, which together make up the majority of the phone market.
In an effort to equal Verizon, the market leader at the time, AT&T made (and then abandoned) a proposal to acquire T-Mobile in 2011. Verizon was AT&T's main competitor. Since the initial AT&T's division, the dynamics of the industry have significantly evolved. The number of players in the U.S. phone market is decreasing, despite the fact that it still doesn't consist of just one company.
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Why did aristotle believed that people avoid doing wrong?
According to Aristotle, all human features contribute to eudaimonia, 'happiness'. Happiness is completely human suitable; it exists in the rational activity of the soul conforming to virtue. This rational activity is considered the best quit of movement and in order for man's best and self-sufficient stop.
Aristotle's ethics, or observation of man or woman, is constructed around the basis that human beings must obtain a tremendous character (a virtuous individual, "ethikē aretē" in Greek) as a pre-condition for achieving happiness or well-being (eudaimonia).
Aristotle believes that the object of expertise must be objectively actual and important; it should subjectively be seen as important; the genuine motive has to be regarded, and the need for the causal connection must be perceived. The maximum critical criterion for expertise is an objective necessity.
Aristotle became one of the greatest philosophers who ever lived and the first actual scientist in history. He made pioneering contributions to all fields of philosophy and technology, he invented the field of formal logic, and he recognized the various medical disciplines and explored their relationships with each different.
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The scaffolding theory of cognitive aging-revised (STAC-r) model suggests that the reason older adults continue to perform at ______ levels despite neuronal deterioration is because of compensatory scaffolding. Group of answer choices low superior high unpredictable
The scaffolding theory of the cognitive aging-revised (STAC-r) model suggests that the reason older adults continue to perform at high levels despite neuronal deterioration is because of compensatory scaffolding.
Scaffolding Theory of Cognitive aging-revisedThroughout the lifespan, brain dynamics are characterized by a process called scaffolding. It is the brain's typical reaction to difficulty, not just the brain's natural aging process. Young adults' brains' reactions to learning unfamiliar skills have been described in terms of the scaffolding theory of cognitive.The Scaffolding Theory of Cognitive Aging (STAC), a contemporary theory that aims to lessen the effects of aging-related cognitive decline, contends that functional changes with aging are a result of a lifelong process of compensatory cognitive scaffolding.According to STAC, the brain is a dynamically adaptable structure that ages in both beneficial and detrimental ways.To learn more about the Scaffolding Theory of Cognitive aging-revised refer to:
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When the independent variable appears to have no effect on the dependent measure because the participants quickly reach the maximum performance level, it is known as a _____ effect.
When the independent variable appears to have no effect on the dependent measure because the participants quickly reach the maximum performance level, it is known as a Ceiling effect.
A ceiling effect is said to occur when a high percentage of subjects in a study have maximum scores at the observed variable. This makes discrimination amongst subjects at the top end of the scale impossible. as an example, an exam paper may cause, say, 50% of the scholars to score 100%.
The term ceiling effect is a measurement limitation that occurs when the highest possible score or close to the highest score on a test or measurement instrument is reached, thereby decreasing the likelihood that the testing instrument has accurately measured the intended domain. For an example, a check whose items are too clean for the ones taking it would display a ceiling effect because most people would achieve or be close to the best possible score.
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Sort the following concepts or ideas related to object relations theory as associated with either Melanie Klein or D. W. Winnicott.
According to Melanie Klein, the way in which youngsters "play pretend" with things like toys enables them to symbolically communicate their feelings.
- The baby's mind, like the mind of an adult, is aware of and unsettled by the fact that it has conflicting sentiments towards various things and relationships. This is further explained below.
What is Melanie Klein?Generally, Klein was a trailblazer in the field of pediatrics. One of the first to apply psychoanalysis to children, she also pioneered a number of previously unheard-of methods and equipment.
In conclusion, According to D. W. Winnicott, a sniffle serves as an illustration of a transitional item. People present an alter ego in order to gain approval from other individuals.
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Cultural apprehension of mass migration stems in many developed countries from fear of loss of national identity, including factors like:
Cultural apprehension of mass migration stems in many developed countries from fear of loss of national identity, including factors like Language and Religion.
In truth, migrants increase the range of society (Collier, 2013) and despite the fact that no longer all immigrants are ethnically special from the local populace, ethnic heterogeneity in current society is largely pushed via the mounting wave of immigration.
The impacts of immigration on the financial system pass beyond the direct effects on the roles and wages of natives, simply because the economic effects of exchange are not most effective approximately decreased costs for customers for reasonably-priced imports—additionally they consist of expanded competition, era switch, the improvement of established supply chains.
Your question is incomplete. Please read below to find the missing content.
Cultural apprehension of mass migration stems in many developed countries from fear of loss of national identity, including factors like:
Language and religion
social culture
black and white
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John is a real estate salesperson with city brokerage. how many hours per week is john required to work for city brokerage...?
John is a real estate salesperson with city brokerage. His working hours depends on the volume of sales and the success you want to achieve.
Successful agents will typically work 0-50 hours per week. They plan their free time before they plan their work time to ensure they maintain balance and can be successful in the long run. They are great for blocking time.
This means blocking their time each day for prospecting, meetings, follow-up and closing. brokerage affiliates may act as a salesperson for one or more other brokerage firms while acting as an independent broker provided that such activity is permitted under an affiliation agreement signed by the related parties signing authority.
It is commonly known that 87% of real estate agents will fail within the first five years. But it's not that simple. A combination of housing inventory challenges, nationwide anxiety, and ever-changing effective lead generation strategies make the real estate industry more complex throughout 2021.
Balance between your professional life and social life, especially when you have more tasks to do and you have less time for leisure, friends and family. Real estate agents, brokers and simply professionals definitely need a balance between work and personal life. Real estate is not a dying profession.
In fact, there are more real estate agents in 2021 than ever before. However, the field is changing drastically, with the advent of online marketing, virtual reality and virtual tours, and easy online paperwork. To compete in this new world, real estate agents must innovate.
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What, according to the buddha, is the human problem and how can humans overcome this problem?
According to Buddha the main cause for humane problem are ignorance and desire. Buddhists define desire as the desire for pleasure, material possessions, and immortality—all of which are unsatisfiable demands. Therefore, wanting them can only result in suffering. human can overcome this problem by follow Eightfold path.
Buddhists think that enlightenment can be attained through adhering to the Eightfold Path. This will put an end to the suffering cycle. Buddhists also hold that "intentional action" or karma exists. Buddhists make an effort to behave morally, such as by being kind and compassionate.
The Eightfold path are rightness of belief, resolve, speech, action, livelihood, effort, thought, and meditation
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In 2016 nelson reported that us adults spent a little over__ hours a week watching tv.
In 2016 nelson reported that US adults spent a little over 11 hours a week watching tv.
The world is more connected than ever, and viewers in the United States have never had more ways to access content than they do today. In short, US consumers don't get enough content, and the way marketers reach consumers is fragmented, but it's a good opportunity to miss.
American adults listen to, watch, read, and interact with the media for more than 11 hours a day. In fact, an American adult listens to, watches, reads, and interacts with the media for more than 11 hours a day. Behind this increase is the increasing use of new platforms and the younger multicultural generation using them.
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What factors can lead a negotiator to be a uncertain about his or her batna?
Factors that can lead a negotiator to be a uncertain about his or her BATNA are Potential alternatives arrive sequentially, rather than all at the same time
The course of action that a party engaged in negotiations will pursue in the event that talks break down and no agreement can be reached is known as the best alternative to a negotiated agreement (BATNA). A side cannot decide to accept an agreement in an educated manner unless they are aware of their alternatives, which is why BATNAs are essential in negotiations. Prior to starting talks, it's critical to take all reasonable steps to prepare in order to achieve the best outcome. This implies that in addition to creating a solid BATNA in preparation, you need also look into the BATNAs that the opposition may have. Don't let the opposing side try to minimise your BATNA; instead, you should anticipate that they would do the same.
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The decline in cardiac function that commonly occurs in late adulthood is most often related to:_______.
The decline in cardiac function that commonly occurs in late adulthood is most often related to some kind of medication use.
Cardiac function is the heart's capacity to meet the body's metabolic needs. Life is dependent on the elimination of cellular waste products and the flow of oxygenated blood.
Late adulthood includes the years from when we turn middle-aged to when we pass away. Over the lifespan, this developmental period is the longest.
The widespread consensus is that late adulthood (old age) starts about age 65. Erik Erikson contends that in order to reconcile the conflict of integrity at this time, it is crucial to find fulfilment and meaning in life as opposed to growing resentful and dejected.
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People's scores on a test of a personality trait such as extraversion are _____ predictors of how agreeable they will act in one particular situation. However, their scores are _____ predictors of how agreeable they will act on average over many different situations.
People's scores on a test of a personality trait such as extraversion are poor predictors of how agreeable they will act in one particular situation. However, their scores are good predictors of how agreeable they will act on average over many different situations.
Personality traitsIntellectually inquiring, artistically inclined, and sensitive to beauty are three characteristics of those who are open to experience. In comparison to closed people, they frequently exhibit greater creativity and emotional awareness.Conscientiousness is the propensity to exercise self-control, carry out one's duties, and strive for success in comparison to benchmarks or external expectations. This characteristic demonstrates a preference for planned behavior over spontaneous behavior. It has an impact on how we manage, curb, and focus our impulsive behavior.Positive feelings, a sense of urgency, and a propensity to look for stimulation and social interaction are all traits of extraversion. The attribute is distinguished by a strong interaction with the outside world.Extroverts are more active and exuberant in social situations than introverts. They frequently come out as reserved, understated, methodical, and uninvolved.To learn more about Personality Traits refer to:
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In a(n) ________, people answer to a group, hear testimony against themselves, are found guilty and have their statuses as group member removed.
In a degradation ceremony, people answer to a group, hear testimony against themselves, are found guilty and have their statuses as group members removed.
The process of converting one's entire identity into a lower-status identity and expelling a person from the group is referred to as a "degradation ritual." Degradation ceremonies, as described by sociologist Harold Garfinkel, are thought to be an everyday occurrence.
The phrase emphasizes the effects of society's response to ordinary misbehavior. Garfinkel identified five elements that make a degradation ceremony successful after researching its goals and outcomes. Degradation ceremonies can be formal or informal, and they can be seen in daily life through customs that are shared by all members of society.
In a ceremony of degradation, the event is witnessed by witnesses and is conducted in front of the public.
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the use of canines for research is restricted by ethics committees in many countries, and social acceptance is declining.
Answer:
Yes, it is becoming an unethical practice.
Explanation:
Animal research has had a vital role in many scientific and medical advances of the past century and continues to aid our understanding of various diseases. Throughout the world, people enjoy a better quality of life because of these advances, and the subsequent development of new medicines and treatments—all made possible by animal research. However, the use of animals in scientific and medical research has been a subject of heated debate for many years in the UK. Opponents to any kind of animal research—including both animal-rights extremists and anti-vivisectionist groups—believe that animal experimentation is cruel and unnecessary, regardless of its purpose or benefit. There is no middle ground for these groups; they want the immediate and total abolition of all animal research. If they succeed, it would have enormous and severe consequences for scientific research.
No responsible scientist wants to use animals or cause them unnecessary suffering if it can be avoided, and therefore scientists accept controls on the use of animals in research. More generally, the bioscience community accepts that animals should be used for research only within an ethical framework.
The UK has gone further than any other country to write such an ethical framework into law by implementing the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. It exceeds the requirements in the European Union's Directive 86/609/EEC on the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes, which is now undergoing revision (Matthiessen et al, 2003). The Act requires that proposals for research involving the use of animals must be fully assessed in terms of any harm to the animals. This involves a detailed examination of the particular procedures and experiments, and the numbers and types of animals use. These are then weighed against the potential benefits of the project. This cost-benefit analysis is almost unique to UK animal research legislation; only German law has a similar requirement.
The UK has gone further than any other country to write such an ethical framework into law by implementing the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
In addition, the UK government introduced 1998 further ‘local' controls—that is, an Ethical Review Process at research institutions—which promote good animal welfare and humane science by ensuring that the use of animals at the designated establishment is justified. The aims of this additional review process are: to provide independent ethical advice, particularly with respect to applications for project licenses, and standards of animal care and welfare; to provide support to licensees regarding animal welfare and ethical issues; and to promote ethical analysis to increase awareness of animal welfare issues and to develop initiatives for the widest possible application of the 3Rs—replacement, reduction, and refinement of the use of animals in research (Russell & Burch, 1959). In practice, there has been concern that the Ethical Review Process adds a level of bureaucracy that is not in proportion to its contribution to improving animal welfare or furthering the 3Rs.
Animal-rights groups also disagree with the 3Rs, since these principles still allow for the use of animals in research; they are only interested in replacement
Although animals cannot yet be completely replaced, it is important that researchers maximize refinement and reduction