The primary difference between toluene and benzene is the presence of a methyl group (-CH3) on one of the carbon atoms in toluene.
What is benzene?Benzene is an organic compound and an aromatic hydrocarbon composed of six carbon atoms joined in a ring, with one hydrogen atom attached to each. It is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell. It is a naturally occurring component of crude oil, and it is one of the most important industrially-produced chemicals in the world.
This methyl group increases the size of the molecule and its ability to interact with other molecules. This increased interaction between molecules causes toluene to have a higher boiling point and melting point than benzene.
The melting point of toluene is -95°C, whereas the melting point of benzene is 5°C. This difference is due to the increased ability of the toluene molecule to interact with other molecules. When toluene is heated, the increased interactions between molecules cause them to move more quickly, leading to a higher melting point than benzene.
Additionally, the presence of the methyl group on the toluene molecule increases the shape of the molecule, making it less symmetrical than benzene. This asymmetry can also affect the strength of the intermolecular forces, leading to a higher melting point.
Overall, the difference in melting points between toluene and benzene can be attributed to the increased size and shape of the toluene molecule, as well as its increased ability to interact with other molecules.
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Sand and computer chips share which element as their basic component?
O silicon
O carbon
O oxygen
O. silver
draw the products formed when the following amides are treated with water and hcl.
Hydrolysis of amide gives Carboxylic acid and ammonium salts while in base medium we get amine along with Carboxylic acid. the products formed are shown in the 1st attachment.
An amide is a functional group in organic chemistry that consists of a carbonyl group (C=O) linked to a nitrogen atom (NH2 or NH-). The general structural formula for an amide is R-C(=O)-NR' where R and R' can be any organic group. Amides are a class of compounds that have a wide range of applications in various fields, from medicine to agriculture. They are found in many natural products, such as peptides and proteins, and also in many synthetic compounds. Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction that uses water to break down a compound. The addition of a water molecule (H2O) to a substrate typically results in the separation of that substrate into two smaller molecules, one of which is a hydroxide ion (OH-). The other molecule formed in the reaction is determined by the substrate being hydrolyzed.
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The complete question is :
draw the products formed when the following amides are treated with water and hcl.
which of the following best describes what took place before the step pictured in the diagram? O An electron was promoted from the 2p orbital to the 3s orbital O An electron was promoted from the 3s orbital to the 3p orbital O Two 3_p electrons became unpaired
Option A is correct. An electron was promoted from the 2p orbital to the 3s orbital.
What is an electron?The elementary electric charge of the electron, a subatomic particle, is a negative one. Due to their lack of known components or substructure, electrons, which are part of the first generation of the lepton particle family, are typically considered to be elementary particles. The mass of an electron is around one-eighth that of a proton (1/1836). The electron's inherent angular momentum (spin), which is measured in terms of the scaled-down Planck constant,, is one of its quantum mechanical properties. The Pauli exclusion principle states that because electrons are fermions, no two of them may be in the same quantum state.
Electrons, like all elementary particles, have the ability to interact with other particles and behave like waves when they are diffracted, similar to how light does. Since electrons have a smaller mass than other particles like neutrons and protons and a longer de Broglie wavelength for a given energy, their wave characteristics are simpler to see experimentally than those of other particles like neutrons and protons.
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Which of the following isoelectronic (same number of electrons) species is largest in size, C, N+, or O2+?
C
N+
O2+
they are the same size
The isoelectronic species is largest in size is that they are the same size.
Option D is correct.
What are isoelectronic species?Isoelectronic species are described as atoms and ions that have the same number of electrons or can be defined as a pair of species having the same number of electrons combining all the atoms of a particular species is called an isoelectronic pair.
From the given option above, Isoelectronic species are those species which have same number of electrons an each of them has 10 electrons.
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write balanced net ionic equation for the first stage of dissociation of the triprotic acid h3po4.
The first stage of dissociation of the triprotic acid H3PO4 would be the dissociation of the first proton, which can be represented by the following balanced net ionic equation: H3PO4 + H2O → H2PO4- + H3O+.
This equation shows that one molecule of H3PO4 dissociates in water to form one molecule of the dihydrogen phosphate ion (H2PO4-) and one hydronium ion (H3O+). The dissociation of the first proton is usually the strongest one among the three protons in H3PO4, this reaction is known as the first stage of dissociation.It is important to note that this is the net ionic equation, which shows only the species that are directly involved in the reaction and not the spectator ions, or ions that are unchanged in the equation.
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expected to strike more
frequently this century?
formed in the
atmosphere?
likely become stronger or
weaker this century?
Which areas are at
the highest risk for
hurricanes?
Which types of hurricanes
are expected to drop in
frequency by more than
25% this century?
How many category 4
and 5 hurricanes can
we expect this century?
Evidence of a Changing Climate: Mastery Test
The type of hurricane is expected to strike more frequently this century will be Category 4 + 5C.
What is hurricane?One of nature's most potent storms is the hurricane. They cause tornadoes, rip currents, and inland flooding by way of strong winds, storm surge flooding, and heavy rainfall.
Hurricanes are storms with maximum sustained winds of 74 mph or higher. Based on a hurricane's maximum sustained winds, the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale assigns a hurricane a rating, or category, from 1 to 5.
Strong winds, a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls, a low-pressure center, and a closed low-level atmospheric circulation are the characteristics of a tropical cyclone, a rapidly rotating storm system.
In this case, the chart shows how climate change and rising ocean temperatures might affect the types of hurricanes we see this century and the bars show the results from different math models used to make the predictions. hurricane is expected to strike more frequently this century will be Category 4 + 5C. This can be seen in the diagram.
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The chart shows how climate change and rising ocean temperatures might affect the types of hurricanes we see this century. The bars show the results from different math models used to make the predictions.
Category 1 includes the least powerful hurricanes. Categories 2 and 3 are moderate hurricanes. Categories 4 and 5 include the most powerful hurricanes.
A. Which type of hurricane is expected to strike more frequently this century
How many gold atoms are in a 0.434 ounce, 18 K
gold bracelet? (18 K
gold is 75 %
gold by mass.)
The number of gold atoms in 0.434 ounces, 18 K gold bracelet would be 2.82 x [tex]10^{21[/tex] atoms.
Dimensional analysis1 ounce = 28.35 grams
0.434 ounce = 0.434 x 28.35
= 12.3039 grams
Since 18 K gold is 75% gold by mass, the actual amount of gold in the bracelet would be:
12.3039 x 0.75 = 9.23 grams
Equivalent mole of 9.23 grams of gold: mole = mass/molar mass
= 9.23/196.967 = 0.0469 mol
1 mole of substances = 6.022 x [tex]10^{23[/tex] atoms
0.0469 mole of gold = 0.0469 x 6.022 x [tex]10^{23[/tex]
= 2.82 x [tex]10^{21[/tex] atoms
In other words, 0.434 ounces, 18 K gold bracelet would contain 2.82 x [tex]10^{21[/tex] atoms of gold.
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the 5s electron in rubidium (rb) sees an effective charge of 2.771e. Calculate the ionization energy of this electron.
The 5s electron in rubidium (rb) sees an effective charge of 2.771e, then the ionization energy of this electron is -4.18 e.v.
Ionization energy: what is it?The ionization energy is a metric for an element's capacity to engage in chemical processes that call for the donation of electrons or the formation of ions. It is also generally correlated with the type of chemical bonding that occurs when elements combine to form compounds. additionally see electron affinity and binding energy.
The amount of energy required to ionise an atom is known as the ionisation energy. As we descend a group, ionisation energy falls. Crossing the periodic table from left to right, ionisation energy rises.
En = 5 = -Zeff². 13.6e.v/n²
En = 5 =( -2.771/5)²×13.6
En = 5 = -4.18 e.v
E ionization = En = 5 = -4.18 e.v.
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Which of the following pairs of molecules are structural isomers? Select all that apply.
2-methylpentane and 2-methylhexane
2,3-dimethylbutane and 2-methylpentane
2-methylpentane and 3-methylpentane
hexane and 2-methylhexane
2,3-dimethylbutane and 2-methylpentane, 2-methylpentane and 3-methylpentane are the following pairings of compounds that are structural isomers, making options 2 and 3 correct.
The identical atoms that make up structural isomers are present, but they are organized differently from one another. The term "constitutional isomerism" also applies to structural isomerism. When compared to stereoisomerism, which involves isomers with the same atoms in the same sequence and with the same bonds but different orientations in three-dimensional space, this is not the case. Three types of structural isomers exist: Chain isomerism and skeletal isomerism are structural isomers in which the order of the skeleton's elements is altered. Constitutional isomerism in which a functional group or substituent shifts position on a parent structure is known as position isomerism (sometimes referred to as regioisomerism).
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Which of the following molecules or substances contain, or are derived from, fatty acids? A) Beeswax B) Prostaglandins C) Sphingolipids D) Triacylglycerols
Beeswax, Prostaglandins, Sphingolipids, Triacylglycerols all the molecules are derived from fatty acids all the given options are correct.
Which 4 essential fatty acids are there?Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and trans fatty acids are the four broad categories into which fatty acids can be divided. The risk of coronary heart disease is heightened by trans fats and saturated fatty acids.
A fatty acid typically has a straight chain with an even number of carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms running along it, a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end of the chain, and hydrogen atoms running along it once more. It is an acid because of the carboxyl group (carboxylic acid).
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The process represented by A:
The process represented by A is how producers create energy.
The correct option is A.
What are producers?Producers include all types of green plants. By absorbing sunlight and using the energy to create sugar, green plants produce their food. This sugar, also known as glucose, is used by the plant to produce a variety of materials, including wood, leaves, roots, and bark.
Producers create energy through the process of photosynthesis.
The process of photosynthesis results i the production of food in the form of glucose.
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if the products of a chemical reaction contain less energy that reactants, the reaction must
Exothermic reaction (or exergonic but that is used less often)
draw the structural formula of an alkane that has seven carbon atoms with two isopropyl groups.
The first structure, is the alkane with 7 carbons and two isopropyls groups aside (structure name, 3,4 - diisopropylheptane) and the second below that, would be the one with seven carbons including the isopropyl group counting.
An alkane is a hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms. They are also known as saturated hydrocarbons because they contain only single bonds between carbon atoms, and are typically composed of a chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms bonded to them. Alkanes are relatively unreactive, and are found in many natural gases and crude oils.An isopropyl group is a functional group with the molecular formula C3H7. It is an alkyl group derived from propane, and is composed of three carbon atoms and seven hydrogen atoms.
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predict the product, if any, of reaction between propanoyl chloride and ch3co2- +na.
The nucleophilic acyl substitution process that results in the formation of an anhydride is caused by the acetate ion in CH3CO2Na+ acting as a nucleophile towards propanoyl chloride.
Acetic anhydride, having the chemical formula (CH3CO)2O, is the most significant component of the organic anhydrides. It can be made industrially in one of two ways: either by atmospheric acetaldehyde oxidation in the presence of a metal acetate or from acetic acid by the reaction with ketene or acetylene. The conjugate base or ion with the chemical formula C2H3O2-, which is generally found in aqueous solution, is also referred to as "acetate." An anion is a negatively charged ion. Your blood's concentration of chloride is crucial for maintaining the right ratio of acid and water in your body.
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Place the following in order of increasing molar entropy at 298 K.
CO2 C9H20 CO
A)CO2 < CO < C9H20
B)CO2 < C9H20 < CO
C)CO < CO2 < C9H20
D)C9H20 < CO < CO2
E)C9H20 < CO2 < CO
in order of increasing molar entropy at 298 K is c) CO < CO2 < C9H20.
What is molar entropy?The entropy content of one mole of a pure substance at any temperature of interest and a standard state of pressure is known as the standard molar entropy in chemistry. The standard temperature and pressure are frequently selected to be these. One mole of a sample under standard state conditions is said to have a standard molar entropy, or degree of unpredictability. J/molK, or joules per mole Kelvin, are the typical units of standard molar entropy. Entropy is a unitary measure of the amount of thermal energy in a system that cannot be used to carry out beneficial work. The quantity of entropy is also a gauge of a system's molecular disorder, or unpredictability, as work is produced by organized molecular motion.in order of increasing molar entropy at 298 K is c) CO < CO2 < C9H20.To learn more about molar entropy refer to:
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How many orbitals are described by each of the below combinations of quantum numbers?
n-3, 2-0______________ orbitals
n-4,2-2, m,- 2 ___________orbitals
The number of orbitals is five, and ml=2 refers to the last (fifth) orbital space 4d.
What is quantum numbers?Quantum numbers are used in quantum physics and chemistry to explain the values of conserved quantities in the dynamics of a quantum system. Quantum numbers are the collection of numbers used to characterize the location and energy of an electron in an atom. There are four types of quantum numbers: primary, azimuthal, magnetic, and spin. There are four quantum numbers in atoms: the primary quantum number (n), orbital angular momentum quantum number (l), magnetic quantum number (ml), and electron spin quantum number (ms).
Here,
Quantum numbers (n,l,ml, ms)
n=3. refers to 3rd energy level
3rd energy level has 3 possible values of l
d has 5 different orientations
s=0. p=1. d=2
-2,-1,0,1,2
answer- n=3 l=2. number of orbitals-5
n=4 refers to 4th energy level
4th level has 4 possible l values
Repeat from above for d
s=0 p=1 d=2 f=3
n=4 l=2. ml=2
The number of orbitals is 5 and the ml=2 is referring to the last(5th) orbital space 4d.
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CH4(g)+2O2(g)→CO2(g)+2H2O(g) ΔH°<0
Which of the following statements must be true for the combustion of CH4(g), represented by the equation above?
A) The bond dissociation energy between O atoms in O2 is greater than the sum of the bond dissociation energies of the two O−H bonds in H2O.
B) More bonds are formed in the products than are broken in the reactants.
C) The sum of the bond dissociation energies of the product molecules is equal to the sum of the bond dissociation energies of the reactant molecules.
D) The sum of the bond dissociation energies of the product molecules is greater than the sum of the bond dissociation energies of the reactant molecules.
The sum of the bond dissociation energies of the product molecules is equal to the sum of the bond dissociation energies of the reactant molecules.
define bond dissociation energies ?
The conversion factor 23.060 kcal/mol (96.485 kJ/mol) for each eV may be used to translate a molar BDE to the energy required to dissolve the bond per molecule.
Bond dissociation energy values have been measured using a variety of experimental techniques, including spectrometric determination of energy levels, radical generation via pyrolysis or photolysis, chemical kinetics and equilibrium measurements, and various calorimetric and electrochemical methods. Nonetheless, bond dissociation energy measurements are difficult and vulnerable to significant error. The bulk of currently known values are within 1 or 2 kcal/mol (4-10 kJ/mol) of being correct. Furthermore, values measured in the past, particularly prior to the 1970s, can be unreliable and have been subject to revisions of the order of 10 kcal/mol.
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How many peaks appear in the proton spin decoupled 13 C NMR spectrum of the compound below? O 1
O 2
O 3
O 4
O 5
One peak (single) is visible in the decoupling 13C spectra for each distinct carbon in the molecule.
The NMR spectrum: What does it reveal?An analytical chemistry method known as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is used in quality control and research to ascertain a sample's composition and purity as well as its molecular structure. For instance, mixtures containing known substances may be quantitatively analyzed using NMR.
What is NMR, in plain English?NMR is the abbreviation for nuclear magnetic resonance. An NMR device allows for the investigation of a material's molecular structure by seeing and measuring the interaction of nuclear spins when they are exposed to a high magnetic field.
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Order the following elements according to decreasing electronegativity: C, Ca,Cl,Cs and Cu
The decreasing order of electronegativity is Cl > Cu > C > Ca > Cs.
Electronegativity: What is it?The ability of an element to draw electrons to itself when it is chemically connected to another element is known as its electronegativity. Electrons will typically be attracted to elements with higher electronegativities, which will result in increased electronegativity. Pauling Electronegativity Scale is used to determine the order of the elements.
An atom's capacity to attract shared-pair electrons to itself within a molecule is referred to as electronegativity in chemistry. Atoms on the left and right sides of the periodic table have varying degrees of electronegativity.
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10. A gas has a volume of 100.0 mL
at a pressure of 600.0 mm Hg. If
the temperature is held constant,
what is the volume of the gas at a
pressure of 800.0 mmHg?
The pressure of a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to volume at constant temperature, according to Boyle's law.
P1V1 = P2V2 = (600mmhg*100.0ml = 800mmhg*V2)
The volume of the gas at a pressure of 800 mm Hg is 75 mL.
What does Boyle's law stipulate?This empirical relationship, which Robert Boyle, a scientist, first proposed in 1662, argues that, under constant temperature, the pressure (p) of a given amount of gas changes inversely with its volume (v); in equation form, this means that pv = k, a constant.
What exactly are Boyle's law and Charles law?According to Boyle's Law, as pressure lowers, gas volume grows. According to Charles' Law, when the temperature rises, the volume of the gas also rises.
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How many grams of FeSO_4 (Mw = 152.0 g/mol) are present in a 20.0 ml sample of a 0.500 M solution? A) 65.8 g B) 6.08 g C) 3.04 g D) 1.52 g E) 0.760 g
Answer:
i thinks it is B
Explanation:
"The following name is incorrect. Select the correct IUPAC name.
3−ethyl−3−octen−5−ol
a) 6-ethyl-5-octen-4-ol
b) 6,6-diethyl-5-hexen-4-ol
c) 1,1-diethyl-1-hexen-1-ol"
The actual iupac name for the chemical compounds is 6,6-diethyl-5-hexen-4-ol. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry is a worldwide association of National Adhering Organizations.
Striving to establish vocabulary and nomenclature in order to enhance the chemical sciences. The organisation belongs to the International Science Council (ISC). Chemical compounds are made up of numerous similar molecules (or molecular entities) that contain atoms from multiple chemical elements and are joined by chemical bonds. Therefore, a molecule made up of atoms from only one element is not a compound. Multiple types of atoms are joined together by chemical bonds to form compounds. Compounds can become simpler substances as a result of chemical processes. Water (H2O) and table salt are examples of compounds (NaCl).
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Which of the following statements concerning cyclins is not correct?
(A) They catalyze the phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent protein kinases.
(B) They are regulatory subunits for enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of proteins.
(C) They are activated and degraded during the cell cycle.
(D) They can become linked to ubiquitin.
(E) They contain specific amino acid sequences that target them for proteolysis.
Reaction of cyclin, mitotic promoting factor or maturing-promoting factor catalyzes the phosphorylation of receptor superfamily of cyclin-dependent kinases.
In relation to protein kinases, each of the following claims is untrue?They remove diphosphate form proteins is the response that is untrue. Proteins do not lose phosphate groups when they are added by kinases. The enzymes known as phosphatases are in charge of removing phosphate groups off proteins. The other claims made concerning protein kinases are all accurate.
Which one of the following sentences concerning cyclin cdk is untrue?Option d is the erroneous statement. Throughout the cell cycle, CDK levels fluctuate. Throughout the cell cycle, each CDK is present in the same quantity. However, each CDK's activity is reliant on the other.
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in which process is energy absorbed by the substance undergoing the change state?
a.melting or freezing
b.condensation or vaporization
Heat is absorbed by all solids as they melt and turn into liquids. As a result, the substance changing states absorbs energy throughout the melting process.
Melting and boiling will result in the absorption of heat energy. In both condensation and freezing, heat energy is released (temperature is lowered), which causes the kinetic energy of molecules to decrease. As a result, gas transforms into liquid and then solid as a result. Endothermic chemical processes are those that generally absorb (or use) energy. When bonds in the reactants are broken in endothermic reactions, more energy is absorbed than is released when new bonds are created in the products. Positive energy is released during condensation and consumed during vaporization (negative energy).
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Draw the missing product of the following reaction. Assume excess halogen is present.
They were given the term halogen because they all create sodium salts with comparable properties, the most well-known of which is sodium chloride, also known as table salt or halite.
The name halogen comes from the Greek roots hal- ("salt") and -gen ("to produce"). There are thorough notes on the chemical displacement reactions of chlorine, bromine, and iodine as well as descriptions of the physical characteristics of the Group 7 halogens, which include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. Because they have seven valence electrons, halogens are special because they are very reactive. The electrons involved in chemical reactions are valence electrons, which are located in the outer shell. For the outer shell to be stable and non-reactive, it needs eight electrons.
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Which of the following carbohydrates would NOT be a molecule used for energy storage? O starch O cellulose O glycogen
O All of the above are used for energy storage
All of the above are used for energy storage of the following carbohydrates would NOT be a molecule used for energy storage
Which one of the following is not a molecule that stores energy?Proteins do not function as molecules that store energy. Storage lipids, fat and oil are hydrocarbon compounds that, when oxidized, release a tremendous amount of energy.
Is the molecule utilized to store energy starch?In plants, starch is used to store energy. Glycogen is a glucose monomer-based polysaccharide that is even more heavily branched and used by animals as a form of energy storage. The cells of the liver and muscles are where glycogen is predominantly produced and stored.
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A sample of nitrogen occupies a volume of 250 ml at 25 Celsius what volume will it occupy at 95 Celsius
We can use Charles's Law which states that volume and temperature are directly proportional when the pressure and other variable are constant. when temperature increases, the volume of the gas also increases and vise versa.
The new volume it will occupy is 308.72 ml
What is meant by Volume ?
The space occupied within an object's borders in three dimensions is referred to as its volume.It is sometimes referred to as the object's capacity. The capacity of an object is measured by its volume. For instance, a cup's capacity is stated to be 100 ml if it can hold 100 ml of water in its brim. The quantity of space occupied by a three-dimensional object can also be used to describe volume.Bulk and mass are typical synonyms for volume.A three-dimensional object's volume is the area it takes up, and it is expressed in cubic units. Cm3 and in3 are two examples of cubic units.V₂ = V₁T₂/ T₁
= 250 ml × 368 K / 298 K
= 92,000 ml.K / 298 K
= 308.72 ml
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Which one of the following substances does not exist in the indicated solid type? A.graphite–covalent crystals B.Na–metallic crystals C.SiO2–molecular crystals D.NaCl–ionic crystals E.diamond–covalent crystal (Please explain how to do this sort of problem)
C.SiO2–molecular crystals one of the following substances does not exist in the indicated solid type
What kinds of molecular crystals exist?Dry ice (solidified carbon dioxide), solid versions of the noble gases (such as argon, krypton, and xenon), and crystals of several chemical compounds are examples of materials with very weak intermolecular interaction.
Which crystals have covalent bonds?Diamond, silicon, and silicon carbide are examples of hard, usually brittle minerals that form covalent crystals. Each atom of the most basic, monatomic kinds (such as diamond) is surrounded by an amount of atoms equal to its valence.
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How quickly can mitosis occur in a paramecium?
two or three times a week
more than once each day
once each day
every two hours
In paramecium which has eukaryotic cells mitosis occurs two or three times a week.
What are eukaryotic cells?Eukaryotic cells are the cells which show presence of nucleus and possess membrane bound organelles.They may be unicellular or multicellular depending on the number of cells present in them.
In eukaryotes , the genetic material is is stored within an organelle which is called as nucleus wherein it is organized in to long molecules which are called as chromosomes.They possess other organelles like mitochondria which are responsible for generation of energy . Endoplasmic reticulum which helps in transport of proteins .
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Except for the K shell, the maximum number of electrons that can be in the outermost shell of an atom is
A. 8
B. 16
C. 4
D. 32
A. 8 is the maximum number of electrons that can be in the outermost shell of an atom is
The maximum number of electrons that can occupy the outermost shell of an atom is 8, also known as the octet rule. This means that all elements in the periodic table will have 8 electrons in the outermost shell, except for the elements in the first row of the s-block, which can contain a maximum of 2 electrons, or the elements in the second row of the p-block, which can contain a maximum of 6 electrons. The K shell, or the first energy level of an atom, can contain up to 2 electrons, with the exception of hydrogen, which only has one. The L shell, or the second energy level of an atom, can contain up to 8 electrons. The M shell, or the third energy level of an atom, can contain up to 18 electrons. The N shell, or the fourth energy level of an atom, can contain up to 32 electrons. Hence, the maximum number of electrons that can be in the outermost shell of an atom is 8.
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Option (a) is correct. Except K shell the maximum number of electrons that can be in the outermost shell of an atom is 8. This is according to the octet rule.
According to the octet rule, the outermost shell in an atom cannot have more than eight electrons even if it has a capacity to take up more electrons. The octet rule is explained as a chemical rule that reflects the theory that the elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas. It refers to the the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell. The octet rule states that atoms are at their most stable when they have 8 electrons in their outermost shell. Atoms tend to try and gain or lose electrons until they have eight electrons in their outer shell.
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